A. Ecosystem of funding mechanisms. Exploratory versions of each research track are designed to provide an enabling step, where needed, that goes through peer-review to larger, more elaborated awards. B. Tabulation of number of awards and total spending for 2014-2023, not including approved out years of funds yet to be expended.

(A) NIH expenditures in systems and computational neuroscience for 10 years before and after launch of the BRAIN Initiative. Baseline is calculated from NIH RCDC (Research, Condition, and Disease Categorization) search of “neurosciences research” [OR] “computational neuroscience” (Sys & Comp NS), excluding BRAIN Awards. BRAIN Initiative awards are tallied as all Sys & Comp NS within BRAIN and all awards within the BRAIN Circuits funding announcements. (B) Performance measures for each funding mechanism, tabulating the median number of total publications per award, the median of total citations per award, and the median RCR among all publications within the funding category. Median publications per million and median cites per million were also calculated. (C) BRAIN Circuits Program Funding Announcements.

Accumulating performance measures for awards in the elaborated version of each funding tract by year from award. (A) Average number of publications for awards within each track. (B) Average number of citations for awards within each track. (C) Average RCR for publications within each award for each track.

Word Cloud from titles and abstracts of all BRAIN BCP awards. Behavioral, Systems and Computational Neuroscience are well represented.

TMM projects that produced highly popular computational tools in the form of normative theories, predictive models and computational algorithms.

These highly popular repositories are supported by multiple projects and programs by the same Principal Investigator (L.P. Paninski) who has had two TMM awards and a Team BCP award.

Highest impact awards by funding track as measured by RCR.

Table S4B lists all publications (PubMed Identifier, PMID) from awards that have Altmetric scores above 600. * Manuscripts that attest to early translational impact

Sample quotations from an informal poll of IC-contributing Program Directors that work within the BRAIN Circuits Program Team.