LR asymmetry in the DM is critical for proper gut looping and vascular patterning.

(A) Asymmetries in the DM drive the formation of the first and subsequent gut loops. Concurrently, the vasculature is being patterned in the DM. The 1° longitudinal artery (*) gives rise to the ileocolic artery, which provides a significant portion of the adult intestine with critical blood flow. (B) HH17: The DM has cellular symmetry. HH18 and 19: The right mesenchyme begins expanding and the right epithelial cells elongate. The right-sided endothelial cells (vascular precursors) begin to disperse and leave the compartment, while the left-sided endothelium is maintained to become the future gut arteries. HH22: The asymmetric forces have pushed the gut tube to the left. A left-sided blood vessel, the 1° longitudinal artery (*) has formed. GT = gut tube, DM = dorsal mesentery, DA = dorsal aorta, SMA = superior mesenteric artery.

During DM formation from EMT and ingression of the coelomic epithelia, right and left cells do not mix.

When the coelomic cavity is injected with DiI at HH12-13 (A), the labeled cells give rise to the mesenchymal and epithelial cells of the DM on the corresponding side of the embryo (B). When DiI and DiO are injected at HH12-13 into left and right coeloms, respectively (C), labeled cells are still segregated at HH18 (D, E and F). The same results are found when cells are labeled by electroporation with pCAG-GFP (left) and pCl-H2B-RFP (right) (G and H), both when the midline is continuous (HH19, G) and once it has disappeared (HH21, H). (I-L) H&E staining of the DM at HH18 (I) shows “empty space” between the notochord, endoderm, and dorsal aortae. At HH19 (J), this space gains some cells (arrows), and the space is completely filled in by HH20 (K) and HH21 (L). Scale bars = 60 um. nt = neural tube, c = coelom, ao = aorta, N = notochord, s = somite, DM = dorsal mesentery, L = left, R = right.

The DM midline is marked by laminin immunofluorescence.

(A) Lefty1 expression is seen at the embryonic midline of this HH9 embryo (arrow). (B) Lefty1 expression is not seen at the midline of the DM (dashed box) of an HH19 embryo. (Notochord=positive control.) (C, D) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of a fixed embryo at HH15-16 show fibrous ECM between the notochord and endoderm. C is from a more posterior axial level than D. (E-H) Time course of midline dynamics from HH18-HH21, marked by laminin. Scale bars = 25 µm. (I) Quantification of the intensity of laminin immunofluorescence over development, normalized to laminin staining around the neural tube. Biological replicates: HH18 n = 2, HH19 n = 3, HH20 n = 3, and HH21 n = 2. Each dot represents one image quantified. Statistical analyses are unpaired Welch’s t-tests. HH18-19: p = 0.0188, HH19-20: p = 0.0118, HH20-21: p = 0.0003. Additionally, there is a significant (p < 0.0001) linear trend among the means from HH18 to HH21 with a slope of −0.1019, r2 = 0.5906. (J) Midline appearance from hindgut to foregut in an HH19 embryo, marked by laminin. Scale bars = 25 µm. (K) Quantification of DM midline length of three HH19 embryos, from the separation of the notochord and endoderm (hindgut) to the fusion of the aortae (foregut, coinciding with midline fragmentation). (L) Model of DM midline time kinetics. N = notochord, E/en = endoderm, Ao = aorta, nt = neural tube, c = coelomic cavity, CE = coelomic epithelium, L = left, R = right.

The midline basement membrane is not made by the DM mesenchyme or EMT of the endoderm, and the notochord is not suffcient for midline formation.

(A-C) Lama1 RNA in situ hybridization and adjacent sections with laminin IF staining (A’-C’). Scale bars = 50 um. (D, E) Cell polarity analysis from GM130 staining shows that the mesenchymal cells immediately to the left or right of the midline (“left/right margin”) and within the double membrane (“midline cells” have random polarity, as do the cells of the right mesenchyme (random polarization control); in contrast to the strong apical-basal polarity in cells of the left coelomic epithelium. Five embryos were used for these quantifications. Number of cells per circle histogram: left coelomic epithelium = 209, left margin = 346, midline cells = 118, right margin = 413, right mesenchyme = 514. (F) Electroporation mix containing pCAGEN-GFP plasmid was injected under an HH14/15 embryo and then electroporated to specifically target the endoderm. Lineage tracing endoderm-derived cells to HH19 (G) and HH21 (H) by pCAGEN-GFP electroporation of the endoderm. (I) Model of notochord transplant method. A piece of notochord (red) was isolated from an HH14 donor embryo. In a stage-matched recipient, a cut was made adjacent to the neural tube and the donor notochord was inserted into this slit. (J, L) RNA in situ hybridization for Chordin to mark the native notochord (blue dashed circle) and transplanted notochord (red dashed circle). (K, M) Laminin immunohistochemistry to mark basement membrane including the midline (white arrow). Notochords are marked with an N (native notochord) and N* (transplanted notochord). (J) and (K) are from the same embryo, as are (L) and (M). n = 8, scale bars = 50 um. GT = gut tube, DM = dorsal mesentery, E = endoderm.

Ectopic expression of Netrin4 by electroporation visibly affects the basement membrane underlying the coelomic epithelium, but not that underlying the endoderm, or the midline.

(A, C) Electroporation of the left (A) or right (C) DM with the control, pCAG-GFP, had no effect on the basement membrane of the coelomic epithelium (arrows). Left n = 6. Right n = 4. (B, D) Electroporation of mouse Netrin4 (pCAGEN-Ntn4) and pCAG-GFP into the left (B) or right (D) DM disrupted the basement membrane underlying the coelomic epithelium (arrows) and scattered basement membrane in the mesenchyme (asterisks). Left n = 5. Right n = 5. (E) Double DM electroporations also disrupt the coelomic epithelium (arrows) but the midline appears intact despite being contacted by Ntn4+ cells (n = 3). (F, G) Electroporation of the endoderm directly with pCAG-GFP or pCAGEN-Ntn4 does not visibly affect the basement membrane underlying the endoderm (open round pointers). Control n = 5. Ntn4 n = 8. The midline appears unaffected by any of these perturbations. Scale bars = 100 um.

The DM midline serves as a barrier against diffusion.

(A, B) Genes encoding diffusible signals including Cxcl12 and Bmp4 are expressed asymmetrically in the DM. (C) Hypothesis for the role of the midline in limiting diffusion of left and right signals across DM. (D) At HH19, the midline is intact (white arrow) and diffusion of 3000 MW dextran (green) is limited to the right side. n = 4/4. (E) At HH20, the midline (white arrow) has begun to fragment. Diffusion across the midline is prohibited in some embryos (n = 2/9) but permitted in others (n = 7/9). (F) At later stages when the midline has disappeared, diffusion is allowed through the DM (n = 7/7). (G) Schematic of dextran injections into the right DM. (H) A dextran injection being performed on an HH23 embryo in ovo. (I) Proportion of dextran-labeled cells in the left vs. right DM, with unpaired t test. Scale bars = 50 um. LDM = left dorsal mesentery. RDM = right dorsal mesentery. GT = gut tube. E = endoderm. L = left. R = right. N = notochord. DA = dorsal aorta.

Model of endoderm descending hypothesis for midline formation.

We hypothesize that as the endoderm moves ventrally and the distance between the notochord and endoderm grows, basement membrane from the endoderm may be left behind. This can be compared to a zipper where each side is the basement membrane underlying the endoderm, and when the zipper pull (tip of endoderm) moves downwards, the basement membrane behind it pulls closer together.

Reagents used in these experiments.

SEM of cross-sections of chicken embryos at different stages of midline development.

Yellow boxes indicate position of higher magnification images on right.

Pseudotime kinetics of the midline along the anterior-posterior axis.

(A-D) Laminin (green) and fibronectin (red) highlight the midline and aorta/e, respectively, in this HH17 embryo. The maturation of the midline occurs in an anterior-to-posterior wave (from A to D), as does the fusing of the two branches of the aorta into one (A-D, asterisks). Immunohistochemistry images were taken at approximately the axial level shown in the above cartoon. Notice that the midline at a more anterior position in a younger HH12-13 (E-H) embryo appears similar to the midline at a more posterior position in an older embryo (i.e., compare C to F and D to G). Scale bars = 100 µm.

The required basement membrane components nidogen and perlecan co-localize with laminin at the midline.

(A) Nidogen co-localizes with laminin at the midline. (B) Perlecan co-localizes with laminin at the midline. (C) Fibronectin surrounds the dorsal aortae and is only found in the midline nearest the endoderm. Scale bars = 25 μm.