Phylogeny estimate of Belidae. Topology obtained from analysis of the 46t424g matrix via maximum likelihood (ML), partitioned by gene. Squares along branches are ML SH-aLRT and UFBoot values for 1–3: 1. partition by gene, 2. unpartitioned, and 3. partition by gene and codon positions. Astral support for 4, Quartet Concordance (QC) for 5, and gene concordance factor (gCF) for 6. Branches without squares indicate the highest support in all analyses. Taxa displayed on the right: a. Cyrotyphus vestitus (Agnesiotidini) (photo credit: Rolf Oberprieler), b. Pachyura australis (Pachyurini) (photo credit: Simon Grove), c. Isacanthodes ganglionicus (Belini) (photo credit: Rolf Oberprieler), d. Homalocerus sp. (Belini) (photo credit: Jeff Gruber), e. Rhinotia sp. (Belini) (photo credit: Rolf Oberprieler), f. Oxycorynus missionis (Oxycorynini, Oxycorynina) (photo credit: Adriana Marvaldi), g. Rhopalotria slossoni (Oxycorynini, Allocorynina) (photo credit: Shayla Salzman).

Belid timetree. Chronogram generated using BEAST and a birth-death tree prior with 13 unlinked molecular clocks; pale green diamonds on nodes indicate calibration points. Scale is in Ma. Horizontal bars depict the 95% HPD density of each estimate, cyan bars generated by birth-death tree prior, grey bars generated by Yule tree prior. Ancestral area estimation under the likelihood-based implementation of dispersal vicariance analysis and unconstrained dispersal rates (DIVALIKE, M0) performed with BioGeoBEARS. The distribution of each species is mapped to the right of the chronogram. A single most probable ancestral area is mapped at each node. Ancestral state reconstruction of belid larval host plant group and host organ usage under the ER model.

Marginal-likelihood estimate (MLE) scores for various BEAST analyses performed for this study, and estimated ages (in Ma) for Belidae crown nodes for each tree prior/clock scheme in BEAST. Notes: SS, stepping-stone sampling marginal-likelihood estimation; PS, path-sampling marginal-likelihood estimation; median post-burn-in divergence times in millions of years (95% credibility interval).