The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus
- University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- University of California, Davis, United States
- Colorado State University, United States
- Ministry of Health, Brazil
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Sweden
- Avia-GIS, Belgium
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Indonesia
- Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan
- National Institutes of Health, United States
- Sanaria Institute for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, United States
- University of Washington, United States
Figures
Figure 1 with 4 supplements
Global map of the predicted distribution of Ae. aegypti.
The map depicts the probability of occurrence (from 0 blue to 1 red) at a spatial resolution of 5 km × 5 km.
Figure 1—figure supplement 1
Effect plots of covariates used in this study showing the marginal effect of each covariate on probability of presence for Ae. aegypti (1) and Ae. albopictus (2): enhanced vegetation index (EVI) annual mean (A); Enhanced vegetation index—range (B); annual monthly maximum precipitation (C); annual monthly minimum precipitation (D); temperature suitability (E); urban areas (F); peri-urban areas (G).
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08347.005
Figure 1—figure supplement 2
Set of covariate layers used to predict the ecological niche of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus described in detail in the ‘Materials and methods’ section; (A) enhanced vegetation index (EVI) annual mean, (B) EVI annual range, (C) annual monthly maximum precipitation, (D) annual monthly minimum precipitation, (E) temperature suitability for Ae. albopictus, (F) temperature suitability for Ae. aegypti, (G) rural, peri-urban and urban classification layer.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08347.006
Figure 1—figure supplement 3
Visualization of pixel level uncertainty calculated using the upper and lower bounds of the 95% confidence intervals associated with the prediction maps for Ae. aegypti (A) and Ae. albopictus (B).
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08347.007
Figure 1—figure supplement 4
The distribution of the occurrence database for Ae. aegypti (A) and Ae. albopictus (B) plotted on the underlying prediction surface.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08347.008
Figure 2
Global map of the predicted distribution of Ae. albopictus.
The map depicts the probability of occurrence (from 0 blue to 1 red) at a spatial resolution of 5 km × 5 km.
Figure 3
Predicted probability of occurrence of Ae. albopictus in Europe (A) and the United States (B), regions in which Ae. albopictus is rapidly expanding its range.
Points represent known occurrences (transient [triangles] or established [circles]) until the end of 2013.
Tables
Table 1
The geographic distribution of spatially unique occurrence records for the Americas, Europe/Africa, and Asia/Oceania
| Country | Occurrences | Country | Occurrences | Country | Occurrences | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ae. aegypti | ||||||||
| Americas | Brazil | 5,044 | Europe/Africa | Senegal | 112 | Asia/Oceania | Taiwan | 9,490 |
| USA | 436 | Cameroon | 55 | Indonesia | 603 | |||
| Mexico | 411 | Kenya | 52 | Thailand | 495 | |||
| Cuba | 177 | United Republic of Tanzania | 44 | India | 423 | |||
| Argentina | 170 | Côte d'Ivoire | 40 | Australia | 282 | |||
| Trinidad and Tobago | 152 | Nigeria | 35 | Viet Nam | 223 | |||
| Venezuela | 130 | Madagascar | 28 | Malaysia | 112 | |||
| Colombia | 128 | Gabon | 27 | Singapore | 44 | |||
| Puerto Rico | 120 | Mayotte | 20 | Philippines | 36 | |||
| Peru | 89 | Sierra Leone | 20 | Cambodia | 29 | |||
| Ae. albopictus | ||||||||
| Americas | Brazil | 3,441 | Europe/Africa | Italy | 203 | Asia/Oceania | Taiwan | 15,339 |
| USA | 1,594 | Madagascar | 58 | Malaysia | 186 | |||
| Mexico | 50 | Cameroon | 42 | Indonesia | 161 | |||
| Cayman Islands | 15 | France | 37 | India | 150 | |||
| Haiti | 13 | Gabon | 27 | Japan | 97 | |||
| Guatemala | 12 | Albania | 22 | Thailand | 82 | |||
| Venezuela | 7 | Mayotte | 21 | Singapore | 44 | |||
| Colombia | 3 | Greece | 18 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 26 | |||
| Cuba | 3 | Israel | 17 | Philippines | 22 | |||
| Puerto Rico | 3 | Lebanon | 15 | Viet Nam | 18 | |||
-
Top 10 countries in terms of occurrence records for each continent are shown for Ae. aegypti (a) and Ae. albopictus (b).
Table 2
Relative contribution of environmental covariates predicting the global distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus
| Mean contribution Ae. aegypti (%) | 95% confidence interval Ae. aegypti (%) | Mean contribution Ae. albopictus (%) | 95% confidence interval Ae. albopictus (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature suitability | 54.9 | 53.7–56 | 44.3 | 42.7–45.6 |
| Maximum precipitation | 13.6 | 12.6–14.6 | 13.9 | 12.7–14.9 |
| Enhanced vegetation index(mean) | 12.1 | 11.3–12.9 | 15.3 | 14.5–16.3 |
| Minimum precipitation | 9.1 | 8.5–10 | 16.1 | 15.2–16.9 |
| Enhanced vegetation index (range) | 8.3 | 7.7–9 | 9.1 | 8.3–10.1 |
| Urbanicity | 2 | 1.3–2.4 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.7 |
Additional files
-
Supplementary file 1
List of contributors and their affiliation from TigerMaps & VBORNET for Ae. albopictus presence records in Europe.
- https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08347.012
Download links
A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats.
Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)
Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)
Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)
The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus
eLife 4:e08347.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08347
