Figures and data in Eco-evolutionary dynamics modulate plant responses to global change depending on plant diversity and species identity

Figures
Tables
Additional files

5 figures, 24 tables and 1 additional file

Figures

Figure 1

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Shoot and root biomass production (a), and total biomass production (b) of plants grown either in soil originated from two-species or six-species communities across all four study species and separately for each species.

Bars show mean values (± 1 SE); stars above bars indicate significant differences (p < 0.05), stars in brackets indicate marginally significant differences (p < 0.1).

Figure 2

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Schematic overview of the results of the common garden experiment testing how plants with a different origin (plant history) or grown in different soil (soil history, soil treatment) differ in performance and trait expression (a), under the influence of global change drivers drought (b), nitrogen input (c), and the combination of both (d).

Illustrated is the impact of legacy treatments (= “legacy effect”) and global change treatments ( = “global change effect”) on shoot and root biomass production as well as on plant traits (growth height (“Height”), shoot nitrogen concentration (“N_shoot”), leaf greenness (“Greenness”), leaf dry matter content (“LDMC”), specific leaf area (“SLA”), stomatal conductance (“g_s”), mildew infestation (“Mildew”), root diameter (“Dia”), specific root length (“SRL”), root length density (“RLD”)) of the four study species. For legacy effects, schematic illustrations of plants indicate differences in shoot and/or root biomass, when originated from two-species ( = 2) or six-species ( = 6) communities ( = plant history (PH); green color), when grown in two-species (=2) or six-species ( = 6) community soil ( = soil history (SH), blue color), or when grown in away ( = a) or home ( = h) soil ( = soil treatment; a_s = away same soil; orange color). Arrows behind traits (for legacy effects) indicate, in which treatment group the value was significantly higher (arrow up) or lower (arrow down), e.g. “- SH: SLA ↑6” indicate that SLA in plants grown in six-species soil was higher than in two-species soil and “- LDMC ↑h” indicate that LDMC was higher in plants grown in home than in away soil. For global change effects, schematic illustrations of plants indicate whether shoot and/or root biomass of plants increased (big arrow up) or decreased (big arrow down) due to the impact of the respective global change driver (black horizontal line indicate no change). Small arrows behind traits (for global change effects) indicate and increase (arrow up) or decrease (arrow down) of the trait value due to the impact of the respective global change driver.

Figure 3

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Response of plants treated with drought, nitrogen input, or a combination of both relative to non-treated plants (control) for total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass, and root-shoot ratio across four study species (**a–c**) and separately for each species (**d–f**).

Points are means and error bars are standard deviation. No symbol indicates significant differences between plants treated with global change driver and control plants, n.s. indicate no significant difference.

Figure 4

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Total biomass (**a–c**), shoot biomass (**d–f**), and root biomass (**g–i**) of plants (across all four study species) originated from two- or six-species communities (plant history; **a, d, g**); grown in soil originated from two-species or six-species communities (soil history; **b, e, h**); or grown in home, away-same or away-different soil (soil treatment; **c, f, i**) and were either non-treated (control) or treated with drought, nitrogen input (N input) or a combination of both (D + N).

Bars show mean values (± 1 SE); stars above bars indicate significant differences (p < 0.05), stars in brackets indicate marginally significant differences (p < 0.1).

Figure 5

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Overview of experimental design.

In 2016, ripe seeds of four grass species were collected in two- and six-species plots of the Dominance Experiment (Jena Experiment), stored in a freezer and allowed to germinate in spring 2017. After germination, soil samples were collected from the plots and mixed with sterilized background soil (5% + 95%), filled in pots and planted with two seedlings (12 pot replicates per plot). In four pots per plot, plant and soil had the same plot origin (home soil); in four pots, species richness of plant and soil origin were the same, but plant species composition was different (away-same soil) and in four pots, species richness of plant and soil origin were different ( = different origin of plant and soil; away-different soil; total Nr_pots = 576). Plants were exposed to global change drivers: drought, nitrogen input, or the combination of drought and nitrogen input, or were not treated (control).

Tables

Table 1

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity (N = 4), legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input), and their interactions on plant performance (total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi², p-values (p) and explained variance (VD; calculated with variance decomposition; in %). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

	Total biomass				Shoot biomass				Root biomass
	Df	Chi²	p	VD	Df	Chi²	p	VD	Df	Chi²	p	VD
Species identity (ID)	3	73.25	< 0.001	19.54	3	80.17	< 0.001	17.36	3	121.30	< 0.001	63.65
Plant history	1	3.48	0.062	0.34	1	1.36	0.244	0.05	1	3.40	0.065	0.23
Soil history	1	0.01	0.915	< 0.01	1	0.04	0.851	< 0.01	1	0.49	0.484	< 0.01
Soil treatment	2	2.17	0.338	0.02	2	1.20	0.548	< 0.01	2	3.66	0.161	0.08
Drought (D)	1	83.05	< 0.001	10.30	1	110.26	< 0.001	14.11	1	2.81	0.094	0.09
Nitrogen input (N)	1	257.26	< 0.001	22.83	1	425.93	< 0.001	34.17	1	15.89	< 0.001	0.78
Species ID x Plant history	3	0.71	0.872	< 0.01	3	1.77	0.621	< 0.01	3	0.63	0.890	< 0.01
Species ID x Soil history	3	1.68	0.642	< 0.01	3	0.18	0.980	< 0.01	3	3.64	0.303	0.02
Species ID x Soil treatment	6	4.29	0.638	< 0.01	6	6.64	0.355	0.01	6	2.30	0.891	< 0.01
Species ID x D	3	52.00	< 0.001	3.08	3	43.11	< 0.001	1.92	3	98.61	< 0.001	4.45
Species ID x N	3	30.46	< 0.001	1.55	3	33.73	< 0.001	1.35	3	18.28	< 0.001	0.62
D x N	1	35.27	< 0.001	1.82	1	27.47	< 0.001	1.10	1	10.90	0.001	0.40
Species ID x Plant history x D	4	0.92	0.922	< 0.01	4	4.42	0.353	0.02	4	0.72	0.948	< 0.01
Species ID x Soil history x D	4	1.17	0.883	< 0.01	4	5.33	0.255	0.05	4	0.54	0.969	< 0.01
Species ID x Soil treatment x D	8	2.81	0.946	< 0.01	8	4.78	0.781	< 0.01	8	3.30	0.914	< 0.01
Species ID x Plant history x N	4	2.66	0.617	< 0.01	4	5.75	0.219	0.05	4	1.69	0.792	< 0.01
Species ID x Soil history x N	4	6.59	0.159	0.13	4	3.47	0.482	< 0.01	4	5.26	0.262	0.04
Species ID x Soil treatment x N	8	9.35	0.314	0.03	8	4.62	0.797	< 0.01	8	15.48	0.050	0.25
Species ID x Plant history x D x N	4	14.85	0.005	0.50	4	27.25	< 0.001	0.87	4	12.61	0.013	0.32
Species ID x Soil history x D x N	4	13.14	0.011	0.43	4	14.39	0.006	0.37	4	11.81	0.019	0.28
Species ID x Soil treatment x D x N	8	6.19	0.626	< 0.01	8	7.91	0.442	< 0.01	8	4.81	0.778	< 0.01

Table 2

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity (N = 4), legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), and their interactions on plant performance (total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass and root-shoot ratio), when non-treated (control) or treated with global change drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input [D x N]).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

	Total biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	57.93	< 0.001	3	37.43	< 0.001	3	60.10	< 0.001	3	27.83	< 0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	0.04	0.840	1	2.08	0.149	1	4.86	0.027	1	1.17	0.280
Soil history (SH)	1	2.60	0.107	1	0.44	0.507	1	1.15	0.283	1	0.10	0.756
Soil treatment (ST)	2	0.80	0.670	2	0.46	0.795	2	3.78	0.151	2	3.28	0.194
Species ID x PH	3	1.05	0.790	3	3.44	0.328	3	1.37	0.712	3	0.04	0.998
Species ID x SH	3	3.06	0.382	3	2.48	0.478	3	1.61	0.657	3	2.48	0.479
Species ID x ST	6	3.44	0.752	6	3.55	0.737	6	4.91	0.555	6	4.04	0.672
	Shoot biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	45.01	< 0.001	3	47.33	< 0.001	3	64.80	< 0.001	3	43.66	< 0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	0.03	0.859	1	0.45	0.502	1	2.56	0.110	1	0.77	0.381
Soil history (SH)	1	1.57	0.211	1	0.11	0.743	1	1.97	0.161	1	0.06	0.799
Soil treatment (ST)	2	0.24	0.886	2	2.51	0.286	2	4.39	0.112	2	1.91	0.385
Species ID x PH	3	0.18	0.980	3	6.79	0.079	3	4.34	0.227	3	0.60	0.900
Species ID x SH	3	7.50	0.058	3	2.08	0.556	3	0.06	0.996	3	0.67	0.881
Species ID x ST	6	6.46	0.374	6	2.67	0.849	6	7.67	0.263	6	2.27	0.893
	Root biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	107.40	< 0.001	3	93.04	< 0.001	3	101.11	< 0.001	3	81.40	< 0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	< 0.01	0.957	1	2.79	0.095	1	3.34	0.068	1	1.20	0.274
Soil history (SH)	1	2.79	0.095	1	1.27	0.259	1	0.05	0.828	1	0.11	0.742
Soil treatment (ST)	2	0.60	0.740	2	0.74	0.691	2	2.08	0.354	2	4.40	0.111
Species ID x PH	3	2.74	0.434	3	1.34	0.720	3	0.78	0.855	3	0.76	0.860
Species ID x SH	3	3.68	0.299	3	3.00	0.391	3	3.11	0.375	3	4.02	0.259
Species ID x ST	6	7.55	0.273	6	5.43	0.490	6	3.05	0.803	6	9.25	0.160

Table 3

Summary list of response variables and experimental factors of the common garden experiment.

Variable	Abbreviation	Unit	Description
Response variables
Biomass production
Total biomass	Total Bm	g_total	Shoot and root biomass per pot
Shoot mass	Shoot Bm	g_shoot	Shoot biomass per pot
Root mass	Root Bm	g_root	Root biomass per pot
Root-shoot ratio	-	g_root g_shoot⁻¹	Root biomass divided by shoot biomass per pot
Aboveground traits
Growth height	-	cm	Stretched shoot length of longest vegetative shoot^*
Shoot nitrogen concentration	N_Shoot	mg N g_shoot⁻¹	Nitrogen mass per dry shoot mass
Leaf greenness	-	-	Unitless estimate of leaf chlorophyll concentration^*
Specific leaf area	SLA	mm_leaf² mg_leaf⁻¹	Leaf area per dry leaf mass^*
Leaf dry matter content	LDMC	mg_leaf g_leaf⁻¹	Dry leaf mass per water-saturated fresh leaf mass^*
Stomatal conductance	g_s	mmol m⁻² s⁻¹	Stomatal conductance per leaf area^*
Belowground traits
Root diameter	Dia	mm	Average root diameter of the root subsample
Specific root length	SRL	m_root g_root⁻¹	Root length per dry root biomass (subsample)
Root length density	RLD	cm_root cm_soil⁻³	Root length (extrapolated) per soil volume (pot)
Pathogen infestation	-	%	Percentage of infested leaf area (estimated)^*
Experimental factors
Species identity	Species ID	-	Study species
Legacy treatments
Plant history	PH	-	Species richness of the plant community, where the seeds were collected – two or six plant species
Soil history	SH	-	Species richness of plant community, where the soil for inoculation was taken – two or six plant species
Soil treatment	ST	-	Origin of seed and soil in one pot: same plot origin = home soil treatment different plot origin, but same species richness = away-same soil treatment different plot origin, different species richness = away-different soil treatment
Global change driver treatments	global change driver / global change / GC
Drought treatment	Drought / D	-	30% instead of 60% water saturation
Nitrogen input treatment	Nitrogen input / N	-	Fertilization with NH₄NO₃ (150 kg ha^-1 year^-1 nitrogen)

*

averaged per pot.

Appendix 1—table 1

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant performance (total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass and root-shoot ratio) of A. elatius, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

A. elatius	Total biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.35	0.557	1	0.82	0.364	1	0.71	0.401	1	0.26	0.613
Soil history	1	1.08	0.298	1	0.76	0.383	1	0.06	0.811	1	0.47	0.494
Soil treatment	2	0.10	0.949	2	2.91	0.233	2	6.44	0.040	2	0.99	0.610
	Shoot biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.12	0.726	1	3.36	0.067	1	1.27	0.260	1	0.01	0.904
Soil history	1	0.35	0.556	1	0.24	0.621	1	0.55	0.460	1	0.63	0.428
Soil treatment	2	2.08	0.354	2	2.89	0.236	2	5.24	0.073	2	0.98	0.613
	Root biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.03	0.860	1	0.15	0.701	1	0.01	0.916	1	0.36	0.551
Soil history	1	3.81	0.051	1	0.62	0.433	1	0.17	0.676	1	0.22	0.636
Soil treatment	2	2.05	0.359	2	2.38	0.304	2	2.25	0.325	2	1.68	0.432
	Root-shoot ratio
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.07	0.797	1	1.62	0.203	1	0.16	0.691	1	0.31	0.576
Soil history	1	4.86	0.027	1	0.24	0.626	1	0.50	0.479	1	0.07	0.787
Soil treatment	2	3.11	0.211	2	2.39	0.302	2	0.18	0.915	2	1.88	0.391

Appendix 1—table 2

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant performance (total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass and root-shoot ratio) of A. pratensis, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

A. pratensis	Total biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.05	0.820	1	0.27	0.603	1	1.63	0.202	1	1.44	0.230
Soil history	1	0.02	0.879	1	1.05	0.306	1	2.97	0.085	1	2.07	0.151
Soil treatment	2	3.43	0.180	2	0.17	0.917	2	1.29	0.525	2	2.80	0.247
	Shoot biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.11	0.741	1	0.29	0.590	1	0.65	0.421	1	2.23	0.135
Soil history	1	0.14	0.710	1	0.33	0.564	1	0.86	0.354	1	<0.01	0.971
Soil treatment	2	0.15	0.927	2	1.84	0.398	2	1.03	0.596	2	1.35	0.509
	Root biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.13	0.719	1	0.23	0.629	1	0.97	0.324	1	0.47	0.495
Soil history	1	0.15	0.703	1	1.16	0.281	1	1.83	0.176	1	3.98	0.046
Soil treatment	2	2.78	0.250	2	1.38	0.501	2	0.47	0.789	2	3.16	0.206
	Root-shoot ratio
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.13	0.719	1	0.01	0.920	1	0.30	0.584	1	0.90	0.342
Soil history	1	0.20	0.654	1	0.31	0.579	1	0.42	0.517	1	4.57	0.033
Soil treatment	2	1.33	0.514	2	4.94	0.084	2	0.04	0.982	2	0.37	0.832

Appendix 1—table 3

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant performance (total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass and root-shoot ratio) of D. glomerata, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

D. glomerata	Total biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.56	0.456	1	2.22	0.136	1	3.09	0.079	1	0.13	0.715
Soil history	1	6.28	0.012	1	0.76	0.384	1	0.73	0.394	1	<0.01	0.978
Soil treatment	2	1.52	0.467	2	0.94	0.626	2	1.26	0.533	2	0.73	0.693
	Shoot biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.02	0.885	1	1.28	0.259	1	3.18	0.075	1	0.22	0.640
Soil history	1	8.27	0.004	1	0.81	0.369	1	0.33	0.567	1	0.15	0.700
Soil treatment	2	3.06	0.216	2	0.44	0.801	2	3.34	0.188	2	0.14	0.932
	Root biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	1.40	0.236	1	2.55	0.111	1	1.98	0.160	1	0.04	0.848
Soil history	1	0.90	0.343	1	0.45	0.501	1	0.99	0.319	1	0.21	0.644
Soil treatment	2	2.49	0.288	2	2.06	0.358	2	0.02	0.992	2	3.16	0.206
	Root-shoot ratio
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	1.65	0.199	1	1.71	0.191	1	0.93	0.335	1	0.01	0.936
Soil history	1	<0.01	0.983	1	0.44	0.505	1	0.43	0.514	1	0.75	0.387
Soil treatment	2	3.14	0.208	2	2.84	0.242	2	0.20	0.906	2	7.72	0.021

Appendix 1—table 4

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant performance (total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass and root-shoot ratio) of P. trivialis, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

P. trivialis	Total biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.12	0.732	1	1.25	0.264	1	0.28	0.599	1	0.43	0.513
Soil history	1	0.12	0.731	1	0.14	0.704	1	0.07	0.796	1	0.05	0.826
Soil treatment	2	0.01	0.995	2	1.82	0.404	2	1.69	0.430	2	4.06	0.131
	Shoot biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.01	0.920	1	1.91	0.167	1	0.39	0.532	1	0.01	0.943
Soil history	1	<0.01	0.973	1	0.47	0.492	1	0.46	0.499	1	0.19	0.663
Soil treatment	2	1.34	0.511	2	0.81	0.667	2	1.22	0.545	2	2.96	0.227
	Root biomass
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.21	0.647	1	0.66	0.417	1	1.48	0.224	1	1.45	0.229
Soil history	1	0.33	0.566	1	1.24	0.266	1	0.74	0.389	1	0.03	0.870
Soil treatment	2	1.36	0.506	2	1.10	0.577	2	1.99	0.370	2	5.03	0.081
	Root-shoot ratio
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.23	0.630	1	0.14	0.708	1	2.00	0.158	1	2.25	0.134
Soil history	1	0.23	0.630	1	3.19	0.074	1	1.57	0.211	1	0.15	0.697
Soil treatment	2	3.61	0.164	2	0.68	0.711	2	2.16	0.340	2	5.12	0.077

Appendix 1—table 5

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity, legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) and their interactions on plant trait expressions, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

	Growth height
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	36.51	<0.001	3	46.47	<0.001	3	26.45	<0.001	3	53.85	<0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	1.76	0.185	1	1.08	0.299	1	0.06	0.812	1	0.75	0.387
Soil history (SH)	1	0.48	0.488	1	0.86	0.354	1	1.52	0.217	1	1.40	0.237
Soil treatment (ST)	2	3.99	0.136	2	5.49	0.064	2	2.68	0.262	2	4.37	0.113
Species ID x PH	3	4.12	0.249	3	4.53	0.210	3	2.62	0.455	3	0.17	0.982
Species ID x SH	3	3.65	0.301	3	1.16	0.762	3	1.14	0.766	3	6.66	0.084
Species ID x ST	6	8.19	0.224	6	13.52	0.035	6	6.01	0.423	6	7.18	0.305
	Shoot nitrogen concentration
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	49.63	<0.001	3	23.08	<0.001	3	73.52	<0.001	3	30.02	<0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	0.94	0.333	1	0.08	0.775	1	0.50	0.480	1	0.03	0.871
Soil history (SH)	1	<0.01	0.963	1	1.50	0.221	1	4.67	0.031	1	<0.01	0.953
Soil treatment (ST)	2	2.94	0.230	2	1.32	0.517	2	7.52	0.023	2	8.53	0.014
Species ID x PH	3	2.80	0.424	3	5.03	0.170	3	4.00	0.262	3	2.20	0.533
Species ID x SH	3	1.14	0.767	3	2.99	0.392	3	7.02	0.071	3	0.31	0.958
Species ID x ST	6	12.36	0.054	6	6.88	0.332	6	6.13	0.409	6	4.73	0.579
	Leaf greenness
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	45.88	<0.001	3	44.96	<0.001	3	54.85	<0.001	3	71.04	<0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	1.61	0.204	1	0.11	0.740	1	0.43	0.514	1	0.02	0.876
Soil history (SH)	1	0.18	0.675	1	1.84	0.175	1	1.04	0.308	1	0.11	0.738
Soil treatment (ST)	2	2.10	0.350	2	1.62	0.444	2	0.41	0.813	2	1.62	0.445
Species ID x PH	3	4.39	0.222	3	3.98	0.264	3	1.88	0.600	3	2.78	0.427
Species ID x SH	3	4.45	0.216	3	3.44	0.329	3	0.89	0.829	3	0.35	0.950
Species ID x ST	6	3.54	0.739	6	3.92	0.688	6	8.79	0.186	6	3.38	0.759
	LDMC
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	32.76	<0.001	3	22.47	<0.001	3	78.30	<0.001	3	43.04	<0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	0.33	0.565	1	2.01	0.156	1	0.03	0.861	1	0.03	0.870
Soil history (SH)	1	0.02	0.887	1	0.56	0.456	1	0.06	0.808	1	0.17	0.680
Soil treatment (ST)	2	2.83	0.243	2	1.27	0.529	2	1.34	0.511	2	0.80	0.670
Species ID x PH	3	1.71	0.635	3	0.26	0.967	3	1.00	0.802	3	4.79	0.188
Species ID x SH	3	1.69	0.638	3	4.04	0.257	3	5.48	0.140	3	2.91	0.405
Species ID x ST	6	3.52	0.742	6	1.10	0.981	6	5.73	0.454	6	11.22	0.082
	SLA
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	86.36	<0.001	3	57.20	<0.001	3	101.71	<0.001	3	73.53	<0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	0.19	0.661	1	0.39	0.530	1	1.55	0.214	1	0.33	0.567
Soil history (SH)	1	0.64	0.425	1	0.01	0.926	1	3.35	0.067	1	0.26	0.607
Soil treatment (ST)	2	4.38	0.112	2	1.43	0.488	2	2.32	0.313	2	1.50	0.472
Species ID x PH	3	1.58	0.663	3	1.26	0.738	3	0.96	0.810	3	4.38	0.223
Species ID x SH	3	2.26	0.521	3	1.47	0.690	3	3.69	0.297	3	1.90	0.592
Species ID x ST	6	2.38	0.882	6	2.88	0.824	6	4.08	0.666	6	14.22	0.027
	Stomatal conductance
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Temperature	1	0.75	0.388	1	1.40	0.237	1	3.18	0.074	1	0.18	0.670
Daytime	1	18.95	<0.001	1	13.20	<0.001	1	5.72	<0.001	1	16.06	<0.001
Species ID	3	45.36	<0.001	3	24.61	<0.001	3	42.88	<0.001	3	21.71	<0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	0.60	0.438	1	0.01	0.910	1	0.48	0.490	1	2.95	0.086
Soil history (SH)	1	0.10	0.757	1	0.05	0.818	1	1.15	0.283	1	0.07	0.797
Soil treatment (ST)	2	0.08	0.963	2	2.67	0.263	2	4.85	0.088	2	0.20	0.905
Species ID x PH	3	4.59	0.204	3	3.18	0.365	3	4.89	0.180	3	4.89	0.180
Species ID x SH	3	2.60	0.457	3	3.53	0.317	3	3.23	0.358	3	3.36	0.340
Species ID x ST	6	8.36	0.213	6	4.47	0.614	6	3.82	0.701	6	4.76	0.575
	Root diameter
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	97.02	<0.001	3	103.81	<0.001	3	93.37	<0.001	3	106.66	<0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	0.87	0.352	1	0.02	0.883	1	<0.01	0.951	1	0.08	0.775
Soil history (SH)	1	0.17	0.680	1	0.22	0.643	1	1.41	0.235	1	0.03	0.873
Soil treatment (ST)	2	2.42	0.298	2	0.93	0.629	2	1.28	0.528	2	0.46	0.793
Species ID x PH	3	0.79	0.852	3	0.19	0.979	3	4.53	0.291	3	3.28	0.350
Species ID x SH	3	6.10	0.107	3	3.40	0.334	3	5.40	0.145	3	0.31	0.959
Species ID x ST	6	9.36	0.155	6	2.06	0.914	6	1.41	0.965	6	13.49	0.036
	SRL
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	125.58	<0.001	3	123.96	<0.001	3	117.21	<0.001	3	144.90	<0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	0.31	0.579	1	0.04	0.833	1	2.81	0.094	1	0.05	0.830
Soil history (SH)	1	<0.01	0.986	1	1.17	0.279	1	1.37	0.242	1	1.48	0.224
Soil treatment (ST)	2	1.46	0.483	2	0.67	0.717	2	4.01	0.135	2	0.28	0.869
Species ID x PH	3	5.15	0.161	3	2.11	0.550	3	2.96	0.397	3	2.31	0.510
Species ID x SH	3	3.89	0.274	3	6.14	0.105	3	3.40	0.334	3	1.93	0.586
Species ID x ST	6	13.23	0.040	6	2.92	0.819	6	2.90	0.821	6	14.70	0.023
	RLD
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	99.14	<0.001	3	101.33	<0.001	3	91.27	<0.001	3	75.25	<0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	0.00	0.956	1	3.36	0.067	1	0.11	0.742	1	0.98	0.323
Soil history (SH)	1	2.93	0.087	1	0.14	0.710	1	0.67	0.413	1	0.55	0.460
Soil treatment (ST)	2	2.50	0.286	2	2.56	0.279	2	0.03	0.983	2	4.98	0.083
Species ID x PH	3	1.35	0.716	3	5.11	0.164	3	2.59	0.459	3	0.59	0.900
Species ID x SH	3	5.42	0.144	3	2.89	0.409	3	0.45	0.929	3	0.49	0.921
Species ID x ST	6	2.77	0.838	6	4.44	0.617	6	0.91	0.989	6	6.27	0.393

Appendix 1—table 6

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant trait expressions of A. elatius, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

A. elatius	Growth height
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.32	0.569	1	2.94	0.087	1	1.01	0.314	1	0.13	0.719
Soil history	1	1.50	0.221	1	0.07	0.787	1	0.14	0.706	1	0.29	0.593
Soil treatment	2	2.67	0.263	2	10.64	0.005	2	1.55	0.461	2	7.58	0.023
	Shoot nitrogen concentration
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.52	0.472	1	3.46	0.063	1	<0.01	0.974	1	0.06	0.802
Soil history	1	0.89	0.347	1	0.04	0.843	1	1.64	0.200	1	0.06	0.803
Soil treatment	2	1.40	0.497	2	1.54	0.462	2	1.99	0.369	2	2.07	0.354
	Leaf greenness
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	1.19	0.275	1	0.60	0.438	1	1.13	0.288	1	0.22	0.636
Soil history	1	1.50	0.221	1	0.99	0.321	1	0.03	0.862	1	0.15	0.699
Soil treatment	2	5.20	0.074	2	0.44	0.801	2	3.64	0.162	2	0.84	0.656
	LDMC
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.01	0.942	1	1.15	0.284	1	<0.01	0.987	1	1.02	0.313
Soil history	1	0.07	0.798	1	0.13	0.718	1	0.04	0.837	1	0.31	0.580
Soil treatment	2	0.03	0.985	2	0.34	0.844	2	2.00	0.369	2	2.44	0.295
	SLA
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.44	0.507	1	0.61	0.435	1	0.48	0.488	1	1.63	0.202
Soil history	1	0.04	0.836	1	0.22	0.638	1	0.88	0.348	1	1.08	0.300
Soil treatment	2	0.59	0.744	2	0.13	0.936	2	2.74	0.254	2	3.10	0.212
	Stomatal conductance
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Temperature	1	0.05	0.827	1	0.53	0.465	1	0.91	0.340	1	0.09	0.763
Daytime	1	6.15	0.013	1	3.92	0.048	1	0.68	0.408	1	0.37	0.544
Plant history	1	0.49	0.484	1	0.05	0.824	1	1.23	0.267	1	0.18	0.670
Soil history	1	0.83	0.361	1	0.13	0.718	1	0.92	0.336	1	<0.01	0.998
Soil treatment	2	0.96	0.618	2	1.69	0.429	2	2.99	0.224	2	0.33	0.846
	Root diameter
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.24	0.627	1	<0.01	0.972	1	0.46	0.497	1	0.45	0.503
Soil history	1	1.37	0.242	1	0.53	0.467	1	2.59	0.108	1	0.10	0.754
Soil treatment	2	4.85	0.089	2	0.52	0.770	2	1.00	0.605	2	3.86	0.145
	SRL
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.80	0.371	1	0.16	0.686	1	2.32	0.128	1	0.54	0.462
Soil history	1	0.06	0.807	1	0.02	0.884	1	2.66	0.103	1	0.21	0.649
Soil treatment	2	2.94	0.230	2	1.81	0.404	2	4.63	0.099	2	9.49	0.009
	RLD
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	1.02	0.313	1	0.03	0.859	1	2.42	0.120	1	1.44	0.230
Soil history	1	2.51	0.113	1	1.14	0.286	1	1.03	0.310	1	0.46	0.500
Soil treatment	2	4.52	0.104	2	1.24	0.539	2	0.26	0.878	2	1.40	0.497

Appendix 1—table 7

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant trait expressions of A. pratensis, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

A. pratensis	Growth height
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	1.50	0.221	1	0.56	0.454	1	0.03	0.868	1	0.94	0.332
Soil history	1	0.44	0.508	1	0.15	0.700	1	0.03	0.874	1	0.82	0.365
Soil treatment	2	5.77	0.056	2	6.56	0.038	2	3.00	0.223	2	0.26	0.879
	Shoot nitrogen concentration
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	1.75	0.186	1	0.17	0.680	1	0.10	0.755	1	0.84	0.358
Soil history	1	0.37	0.544	1	0.96	0.328	1	0.01	0.939	1	0.00	0.966
Soil treatment	2	4.61	0.100	2	1.74	0.419	2	9.05	0.011	2	6.83	0.033
	Leaf greenness
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.07	0.786	1	1.03	0.311	1	0.58	0.445	1	0.18	0.673
Soil history	1	0.03	0.869	1	1.85	0.174	1	0.90	0.343	1	0.19	0.661
Soil treatment	2	1.16	0.560	2	0.60	0.743	2	0.61	0.737	2	2.21	0.332
	LDMC
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.34	0.561	1	0.38	0.538	1	0.40	0.527	1	2.17	0.140
Soil history	1	0.11	0.736	1	3.62	0.057	1	2.32	0.128	1	0.05	0.821
Soil treatment	2	0.36	0.835	2	1.42	0.492	2	1.18	0.555	2	3.91	0.141
	SLA
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.07	0.786	1	0.32	0.572	1	0.00	0.984	1	1.28	0.259
Soil history	1	0.20	0.654	1	2.81	0.094	1	0.23	0.632	1	0.05	0.828
Soil treatment	2	2.21	0.331	2	0.70	0.704	2	1.18	0.555	2	8.59	0.014
	Stomatal conductance
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Temperature	1	1.17	0.279	1	0.22	0.642	1	0.44	0.507	1	0.17	0.678
Daytime	1	0.77	0.379	1	0.07	0.786	1	1.13	0.289	1	8.38	0.004
Plant history	1	0.05	0.824	1	0.16	0.690	1	0.66	0.415	1	0.61	0.436
Soil history	1	1.30	0.255	1	0.14	0.706	1	0.79	0.373	1	0.53	0.466
Soil treatment	2	2.35	0.308	2	4.41	0.110	2	2.55	0.002	2	1.59	0.452
	Root diameter
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.28	0.595	1	0.18	0.673	1	0.20	0.653	1	0.09	0.770
Soil history	1	5.61	0.018	1	0.95	0.331	1	1.34	0.246	1	0.01	0.942
Soil treatment	2	1.02	0.602	2	0.29	0.865	2	1.25	0.535	2	6.06	0.048
	SRL
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.42	0.515	1	0.24	0.623	1	0.61	0.435	1	0.01	0.916
Soil history	1	0.33	0.567	1	7.10	0.008	1	0.17	0.677	1	2.73	0.098
Soil treatment	2	5.24	0.073	2	0.88	0.644	2	0.11	0.945	2	6.03	0.049
	RLD
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.28	0.595	1	0.12	0.729	1	0.08	0.781	1	0.09	0.763
Soil history	1	0.75	0.387	1	4.79	0.029	1	0.13	0.716	1	0.03	0.861
Soil treatment	2	0.28	0.869	2	2.39	0.303	2	0.19	0.909	2	3.02	0.221

Appendix 1—table 8

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant trait expressions of D. glomerata, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (P < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (P < 0.1) in italics.

D. glomerata	Growth height
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.73	0.394	1	0.11	0.741	1	0.06	0.802	1	0.01	0.912
Soil history	1	0.69	0.405	1	0.91	0.340	1	1.25	0.263	1	0.18	0.675
Soil treatment	2	1.66	0.436	2	1.06	0.589	2	2.37	0.306	2	1.09	0.581
	Shoot nitrogen concentration
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	1.13	0.289	1	0.56	0.455	1	2.38	0.123	1	0.56	0.453
Soil history	1	<0.01	0.952	1	2.18	0.140	1	8.44	0.004	1	0.05	0.818
Soil treatment	2	2.72	0.257	2	2.46	0.293	2	3.07	0.215	2	0.71	0.701
	Leaf greenness
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	4.93	0.026	1	0.02	0.886	1	0.17	0.680	1	0.13	0.723
Soil history	1	1.23	0.267	1	1.17	0.279	1	0.15	0.703	1	0.01	0.908
Soil treatment	2	2.33	0.313	2	3.58	0.167	2	1.16	0.560	2	0.68	0.713
	LDMC
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.86	0.353	1	1.18	0.278	1	0.37	0.540	1	0.64	0.423
Soil history	1	2.03	0.154	1	0.12	0.727	1	2.21	0.137	1	0.28	0.594
Soil treatment	2	2.36	0.307	2	0.20	0.905	2	1.74	0.418	2	3.05	0.218
	SLA
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	1.41	0.235	1	0.01	0.904	1	1.50	0.220	1	0.14	0.706
Soil history	1	2.29	0.130	1	0.28	0.595	1	3.86	0.050	1	0.02	0.888
Soil treatment	2	2.60	0.272	2	1.88	0.392	2	0.09	0.956	2	0.89	0.641
	Stomatal conductance
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Temperature	1	1.12	0.289	1	<0.01	0.951	1	0.04	0.843	1	0.08	0.782
Daytime	1	24.06	<0.001	1	12.16	<0.001	1	4.04	0.044	1	4.37	0.037
Plant history	1	3.77	0.052	1	1.05	0.304	1	1.79	0.181	1	4.89	0.027
Soil history	1	1.44	0.231	1	1.55	0.214	1	0.47	0.493	1	2.34	0.126
Soil treatment	2	0.43	0.805	2	1.62	0.445	2	0.27	0.872	2	1.04	0.595
	Root diameter
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.64	0.422	1	0.02	0.876	1	1.83	0.176	1	2.43	0.119
Soil history	1	0.33	0.567	1	2.50	0.114	1	0.34	0.559	1	0.16	0.691
Soil treatment	2	0.60	0.741	2	3.21	0.201	2	0.16	0.924	2	2.03	0.363
	SRL
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	2.55	0.111	1	0.54	0.462	1	0.08	0.777	1	0.36	0.548
Soil history	1	1.73	0.188	1	1.42	0.233	1	0.32	0.570	1	0.22	0.643
Soil treatment	2	2.23	0.329	2	0.24	0.888	2	2.28	0.320	2	2.38	0.304
	RLD
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.01	0.923	1	7.58	0.006	1	0.77	0.380	1	0.03	0.862
Soil history	1	0.27	0.602	1	0.02	0.901	1	0.54	0.464	1	0.18	0.673
Soil treatment	2	0.36	0.835	2	4.51	0.105	2	0.96	0.619	2	5.25	0.073

Appendix 1—table 9

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant trait expressions of P. trivialis, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

P. trivialis	Growth height
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	2.81	0.094	1	0.32	0.571	1	0.98	0.323	1	0.16	0.688
Soil history	1	0.62	0.429	1	0.92	0.338	1	1.12	0.289	1	5.02	0.025
Soil treatment	2	4.77	0.092	2	1.59	0.452	2	2.99	0.224	2	1.14	0.566
	Shoot nitrogen concentration
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	<0.01	0.986	1	0.01	0.934	1	0.07	0.785	1	0.01	0.915
Soil history	1	0.15	0.695	1	0.57	0.452	1	0.06	0.802	1	0.45	0.503
Soil treatment	2	9.66	0.008	2	2.33	0.313	2	1.18	0.554	2	3.86	0.145
	Leaf greenness
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P
Plant history	1	0.14	0.708	1	2.41	0.120	1	0.04	0.845	1	2.35	0.126
Soil history	1	1.41	0.236	1	1.10	0.295	1	0.38	0.537	1	0.09	0.769
Soil treatment	2	0.13	0.936	2	0.37	0.833	2	5.22	0.074	2	0.97	0.616
	LDMC
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P
Plant history	1	0.81	0.369	1	0.24	0.627	1	0.05	0.826	1	1.34	0.247
Soil history	1	0.08	0.776	1	0.01	0.927	1	0.47	0.492	1	4.25	0.039
Soil treatment	2	3.34	0.188	2	0.72	0.696	2	3.01	0.222	2	2.64	0.268
	SLA
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.26	0.611	1	0.21	0.643	1	1.44	0.231	1	0.80	0.372
Soil history	1	0.41	0.522	1	0.40	0.528	1	1.47	0.226	1	0.33	0.565
Soil treatment	2	2.29	0.319	2	0.53	0.769	2	3.35	0.187	2	4.08	0.130
	Stomatal conductance
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Temperature	1	10.96	0.001	1	8.08	0.004	1	7.25	0.007	1	4.31	0.038
Daytime	1	3.93	0.047	1	1.12	0.289	1	1.22	0.270	1	6.35	0.012
Plant history	1	<0.01	0.949	1	0.60	0.439	1	2.96	0.085	1	0.29	0.589
Soil history	1	0.68	0.410	1	0.95	0.330	1	2.72	0.099	1	0.14	0.704
Soil treatment	2	2.46	0.293	2	0.54	0.763	2	0.95	0.622	2	1.49	0.474
	Root diameter
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.16	0.686	1	0.07	0.794	1	0.55	0.458	1	2.91	0.088
Soil history	1	3.06	0.080	1	0.31	0.579	1	0.95	0.329	1	0.06	0.800
Soil treatment	2	7.48	0.024	2	0.28	0.870	2	0.07	0.967	2	2.00	0.369
	SRL
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	2.10	0.147	1	0.94	0.332	1	1.82	0.178	1	1.04	0.308
Soil history	1	1.83	0.177	1	3.68	0.055	1	2.26	0.133	1	0.19	0.660
Soil treatment	2	5.73	0.057	2	0.56	0.755	2	1.97	0.374	2	1.83	0.401
	RLD
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.23	0.632	1	0.01	0.904	1	0.01	0.920	1	0.54	0.463
Soil history	1	3.38	0.066	1	0.07	0.792	1	0.01	0.926	1	0.16	0.685
Soil treatment	2	0.63	0.731	2	0.61	0.739	2	0.16	0.924	2	3.25	0.197

Appendix 1—table 10

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on mildew infestation of D. glomerata and P. trivialis, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

Mildew infestation	D. glomerata
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.58	0.447	1	1.18	0.277	1	0.88	0.348	1	0.26	0.613
Soil history	1	0.41	0.522	1	2.63	0.105	1	<0.01	0.946	1	0.11	0.746
Soil treatment	2	6.01	0.049	2	7.65	0.022	2	0.93	0.628	2	0.09	0.958
	P. trivialis
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	<0.01	0.996	1	<0.01	0.973	1	0.03	0.860	1	0.21	0.647
Soil history	1	1.20	0.274	1	2.66	0.103	1	1.68	0.195	1	0.05	0.817
Soil treatment	2	3.94	0.139	2	1.78	0.412	2	0.16	0.921	2	2.10	0.350

Appendix 1—table 11

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity (N = 4), legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) and their interactions on root-shoot ratio, when non-treated (control) or treated with global change drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

	Root-Shoot ratio
	Control			Drought			Nitrogen			D x N
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	115.37	<0.001	3	116.36	<0.001	3	101.12	<0.001	3	108.37	<0.001
Plant history (PH)	1	0.02	0.880	1	1.48	0.225	1	1.64	0.200	1	0.46	0.496
Soil history (SH)	1	1.81	0.178	1	1.60	0.206	1	0.24	0.622	1	<0.01	0.992
Soil treatment (ST)	2	0.46	0.793	2	1.96	0.376	2	1.19	0.551	2	3.54	0.170
Species ID x PH	3	3.88	0.275	3	1.47	0.690	3	0.86	0.836	3	2.77	0.428
Species ID x SH	3	5.98	0.113	3	3.99	0.263	3	2.53	0.471	3	3.71	0.295
Species ID x ST	6	10.54	0.104	6	6.76	0.344	6	1.85	0.933	6	14.79	0.022

Appendix 2—table 1

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity (N = 4), legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on root-shoot ratio.

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and P-values (P). Significant effects (P < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (P < 0.1) in italics.

	Root-shoot ratio
	Df	Chi²	p
Species identity (ID)	3	133.41	<0.001
Plant history	1	1.11	0.292
Soil history	1	1.08	0.300
Soil treatment	2	1.81	0.404
Drought (D)	1	60.01	<0.001
Nitrogen input (N)	1	89.83	<0.001
Species ID x Plant history	3	0.87	0.832
Species ID x Soil history	3	4.07	0.254
Species ID x Soil treatment	6	2.79	0.835
Species ID x D	3	95.53	<0.001
Species ID x N	3	9.31	0.025
D x N	1	2.19	0.139
Species ID x Plant history x D	4	2.02	0.733
Species ID x Soil history x D	4	1.58	0.812
Species ID x Soil treatment x D	8	4.97	0.760
Species ID x Plant history x N	4	2.91	0.573
Species ID x Soil history x N	4	3.18	0.528
Species ID x Soil treatment x N	8	18.18	0.020
Species ID x Plant history x D x N	4	10.42	0.034
Species ID x Soil history x D x N	4	11.14	0.025
Species ID x Soil treatment x D x N	8	5.20	0.736

Appendix 2—table 2

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity (N = 4), legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant performance (total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass and root-shoot ratio).

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

	Total biomass			Shoot biomass			Root biomass			Root-shoot ratio
	Df	Chi	p	Df	Chi	p	Df	Chi	p	Df	Chi	p
Species ID	3	73.25	<0.001	3	80.17	<0.001	3	121.30	<0.001	3	133.41	<0.001
Plant history	1	3.48	0.062	1	1.36	0.244	1	3.40	0.065	1	1.11	0.292
Soil history	1	0.01	0.915	1	0.04	0.851	1	0.49	0.484	1	1.08	0.300
Soil treatment	2	2.17	0.338	2	1.20	0.548	2	3.66	0.161	2	1.81	0.404
Drought (D)	1	83.05	<0.001	1	110.26	<0.001	1	2.81	0.094	1	60.01	<0.001
Nitrogen input (N)	1	257.26	<0.001	1	425.93	<0.001	1	15.89	<0.001	1	89.83	<0.001
D x N	1	29.23	<0.001	1	23.02	<0.001	1	8.50	0.004	1	1.75	0.185
Plant history x D	1	0.22	0.639	1	0.21	0.643	1	0.01	0.916	1	<0.01	0.977
Soil history x D	1	<0.01	0.944	1	0.07	0.786	1	0.10	0.746	1	0.23	0.635
Soil treatment x D	2	1.79	0.409	2	0.77	0.681	2	1.37	0.503	2	1.29	0.526
Plant history x N	1	1.48	0.224	1	1.59	0.207	1	0.60	0.437	1	0.35	0.553
Soil history x N	1	3.44	0.064	1	1.33	0.249	1	2.46	0.116	1	0.83	0.363
Soil treatment x N	2	1.43	0.489	2	1.40	0.496	2	0.43	0.806	2	0.49	0.782
Plant history x D x N	1	2.12	0.146	1	0.84	0.358	1	1.78	0.183	1	1.27	0.260
Soil history x D x N	1	0.95	0.330	1	2.78	0.095	1	0.08	0.780	1	0.03	0.864
Soil treatment x D x N	2	1.37	0.504	2	1.93	0.381	2	0.91	0.635	2	0.73	0.693

Appendix 2—table 3

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity (N = 4), legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expression.

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

	Growth height			Shoot nitrogen conc.			Leaf greenness
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	71.45	<0.001	3	57.20	<0.001	3	79.55	<0.001
Plant history	1	0.15	0.694	1	<0.01	0.960	1	0.05	0.830
Soil history	1	1.60	0.207	1	0.64	0.425	1	0.17	0.683
Soil treatment	2	3.98	0.137	2	2.27	0.321	2	0.60	0.742
Drought (D)	1	18.71	<0.001	1	65.46	<0.001	1	66.15	<0.001
Nitrogen input (N)	1	32.93	<0.001	1	772.20	<0.001	1	523.86	<0.001
D x N	1	1.10	0.294	1	48.85	<0.001	1	<0.01	0.997
Plant history x D	1	2.99	0.084	1	0.06	0.806	1	<0.01	0.950
Soil history x D	1	0.51	0.477	1	0.11	0.735	1	1.57	0.210
Soil treatment x D	2	3.54	0.171	2	0.02	0.990	2	0.69	0.707
Plant history x N	1	0.50	0.478	1	1.34	0.246	1	0.91	0.341
Soil history x N	1	1.41	0.235	1	0.19	0.666	1	1.54	0.215
Soil treatment x N	2	1.87	0.392	2	3.30	0.192	2	2.42	0.299
Plant history x D x N	1	0.83	0.364	1	0.21	0.645	1	0.79	0.373
Soil history x D x N	1	0.69	0.407	1	3.06	0.080	1	<0.01	0.977
Soil treatment x D x N	2	4.94	0.085	2	1.56	0.458	2	0.04	0.983
	LDMC			SLA			Stomatal conductance
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Air temperature	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	5.34	0.021
Daytime	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	38.25	<0.001
Species ID	3	80.52	<0.001	3	124.00	<0.001	3	47.15	<0.001
Plant history	1	0.80	0.373	1	0.06	0.805	1	1.25	0.264
Soil history	1	0.10	0.750	1	1.22	0.270	1	0.37	0.543
Soil treatment	2	1.13	0.570	2	1.64	0.441	2	3.38	0.185
Drought (D)	1	0.94	0.333	1	0.11	0.743	1	0.90	0.343
Nitrogen input (N)	1	62.84	<0.001	1	61.63	<0.001	1	8.16	0.004
D x N	1	6.69	0.010	1	0.01	0.904	1	9.33	0.002
Plant history x D	1	0.04	0.841	1	0.34	0.559	1	0.06	0.806
Soil history x D	1	0.49	0.484	1	0.02	0.883	1	0.65	0.420
Soil treatment x D	2	0.24	0.887	2	0.23	0.889	2	0.18	0.914
Plant history x N	1	0.65	0.421	1	0.16	0.688	1	0.69	0.406
Soil history x N	1	0.12	0.734	1	1.07	0.300	1	0.63	0.428
Soil treatment x N	2	0.66	0.719	2	2.92	0.232	2	0.08	0.960
Plant history x D x N	1	0.16	0.687	1	1.77	0.183	1	0.87	0.351
Soil history x D x N	1	<0.01	0.962	1	0.95	0.331	1	0.02	0.887
Soil treatment x D x N	2	2.27	0.322	2	1.33	0.514	2	3.73	0.155
	Root diameter			SRL			RLD
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Species ID	3	165.58	<0.001	3	174.84	<0.001	3	125.84	<0.001
Plant history	1	0.03	0.872	1	0.32	0.569	1	1.14	0.286
Soil history	1	0.37	0.544	1	0.36	0.546	1	0.25	0.617
Soil treatment	2	1.50	0.473	2	2.80	0.246	2	4.97	0.083
Drought (D)	1	11.19	0.001	1	7.67	0.006	1	16.09	<0.001
Nitrogen input (N)	1	19.83	<0.001	1	6.68	0.010	1	1.29	0.257
D x N	1	0.25	0.619	1	1.27	0.261	1	2.14	0.144
Plant history x D	1	0.37	0.544	1	0.34	0.559	1	0.67	0.414
Soil history x D	1	0.12	0.725	1	0.48	0.491	1	0.07	0.798
Soil treatment x D	2	1.67	0.434	2	0.65	0.723	2	0.44	0.802
Plant history x N	1	0.40	0.528	1	1.91	0.167	1	<0.01	0.944
Soil history x N	1	0.42	0.515	1	0.15	0.703	1	0.86	0.353
Soil treatment x N	2	0.27	0.872	2	1.69	0.430	2	0.08	0.959
Plant history x D x N	1	0.20	0.652	1	1.22	0.270	1	0.12	0.734
Soil history x D x N	1	1.48	0.224	1	3.47	0.063	1	3.94	0.047
Soil treatment x D x N	2	0.75	0.686	2	0.84	0.659	2	1.02	0.600

Appendix 2—table 4

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant performance (total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass and root-shoot ratio) of A. elatius and A. pratensis.

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

	A. elatius
	Total biomass			Shoot biomass			Root biomass			Root-shoot ratio
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.26	0.609	1	0.05	0.827	1	0.10	0.747	1	0.11	0.738
Soil history	1	0.39	0.533	1	0.03	0.865	1	1.02	0.312	1	1.28	0.258
Soil treatment	2	2.06	0.357	2	1.59	0.452	2	1.31	0.520	2	0.30	0.861
Drought (D)	1	21.54	<0.001	1	50.79	<0.001	1	6.13	0.013	1	67.84	<0.001
Nitrogen input (N)	1	125.48	<0.001	1	128.72	<0.001	1	31.68	<0.001	1	13.70	<0.001
D x N	1	36.23	<0.001	1	45.06	<0.001	1	1.86	0.173	1	0.13	0.715
Plant history x D	1	1.01	0.315	1	2.37	0.123	1	0.05	0.823	1	1.28	0.258
Soil history x D	1	0.27	0.606	1	2.01	0.156	1	0.71	0.399	1	2.11	0.146
Soil treatment x D	2	1.21	0.545	2	3.22	0.200	2	0.13	0.939	2	1.21	0.545
Plant history x N	1	0.92	0.337	1	2.00	0.157	1	0.02	0.879	1	0.46	0.497
Soil history x N	1	0.87	0.352	1	0.05	0.832	1	1.37	0.242	1	2.29	0.130
Soil treatment x N	2	3.07	0.215	2	0.80	0.669	2	6.25	0.044	2	5.64	0.060
Plant history x D x N	1	0.07	0.792	1	<0.01	0.980	1	0.15	0.696	1	0.02	0.884
Soil history x D x N	1	0.61	0.434	1	0.05	0.822	1	0.89	0.344	1	1.17	0.279
Soil treatment x D x N	2	3.61	0.165	2	2.25	0.326	2	1.33	0.515	2	0.56	0.757
	A. pratensis
	Total biomass			Shoot biomass			Root biomass			Root-shoot ratio
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.57	0.452	1	0.42	0.518	1	0.43	0.512	1	<0.01	0.985
Soil history	1	0.68	0.408	1	<0.01	0.945	1	1.47	0.225	1	0.80	0.371
Soil treatment	2	0.34	0.845	2	0.29	0.865	2	0.23	0.892	2	0.07	0.967
Drought (D)	1	71.43	<0.001	1	38.06	<0.001	1	60.92	<0.001	1	0.15	0.696
Nitrogen input (N)	1	74.74	<0.001	1	162.92	<0.001	1	9.71	0.002	1	55.50	<0.001
D x N	1	26.47	<0.001	1	3.98	0.046	1	24.94	<0.001	1	16.49	<0.001
Plant history x D	1	0.08	0.772	1	0.51	0.477	1	0.48	0.488	1	1.07	0.301
Soil history x D	1	0.43	0.512	1	0.37	0.546	1	0.20	0.653	1	0.01	0.912
Soil treatment x D	2	1.17	0.557	2	0.19	0.911	2	2.12	0.346	2	3.60	0.165
Plant history x N	1	0.40	0.529	1	1.26	0.261	1	0.02	0.875	1	0.14	0.709
Soil history x N	1	5.45	0.020	1	1.19	0.275	1	4.53	0.033	1	1.24	0.265
Soil treatment x N	2	2.78	0.249	2	2.50	0.287	2	1.21	0.547	2	0.13	0.938
Plant history x D x N	1	0.55	0.458	1	0.02	0.881	1	0.59	0.442	1	0.08	0.771
Soil history x D x N	1	0.28	0.595	1	0.30	0.585	1	0.78	0.376	1	1.44	0.230
Soil treatment x D x N	2	0.91	0.634	2	0.05	0.975	2	1.45	0.485	2	2.41	0.300

Appendix 2—table 5

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant performance (total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass and root-shoot ratio) of D. glomerata and P. trivialis.

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

	D. glomerata
	Total biomass			Shoot biomass			Root biomass			Root-shoot ratio
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	1.51	0.219	1	1.32	0.251	1	1.12	0.289	1	0.19	0.662
Soil history	1	0.00	0.957	1	0.01	0.912	1	0.07	0.787	1	0.05	0.829
Soil treatment	2	0.79	0.673	2	0.11	0.948	2	2.65	0.266	2	2.94	0.230
Drought (D)	1	0.98	0.323	1	12.71	<0.001	1	20.48	<0.001	1	58.54	<0.001
Nitrogen input (N)	1	82.06	<0.001	1	124.42	<0.001	1	8.87	0.003	1	16.79	<0.001
D x N	1	0.07	0.790	1	0.04	0.843	1	0.61	0.434	1	0.53	0.467
Plant history x D	1	0.05	0.821	1	0.55	0.458	1	0.24	0.623	1	1.40	0.236
Soil history x D	1	0.56	0.453	1	2.20	0.138	1	0.14	0.706	1	0.27	0.601
Soil treatment x D	2	0.09	0.955	2	0.55	0.758	2	1.09	0.579	2	3.01	0.222
Plant history x N	1	1.55	0.213	1	1.85	0.174	1	0.62	0.432	1	0.29	0.592
Soil history x N	1	1.42	0.234	1	2.24	0.135	1	0.26	0.612	1	0.25	0.618
Soil treatment x N	2	0.05	0.976	2	0.72	0.699	2	1.94	0.378	2	3.83	0.147
Plant history x D x N	1	4.64	0.031	1	3.35	0.067	1	4.09	0.043	1	3.81	0.051
Soil history x D x N	1	4.21	0.040	1	3.68	0.055	1	2.87	0.090	1	1.64	0.200
Soil treatment x D x N	2	1.70	0.428	2	3.03	0.220	2	0.66	0.718	2	0.32	0.853
	P. trivialis
	Total biomass			Shoot biomasp			Root biomass			Root-shoot ratio
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.91	0.340	1	0.03	0.870	1	1.49	0.222	1	1.36	0.244
Soil history	1	0.26	0.611	1	0.08	0.781	1	2.43	0.119	1	4.29	0.038
Soil treatment	2	1.23	0.540	2	1.18	0.556	2	0.62	0.732	2	0.09	0.956
Drought (D)	1	23.05	<0.001	1	22.42	<0.001	1	8.93	0.003	1	0.00	0.988
Nitrogen input (N)	1	27.28	<0.001	1	87.31	<0.001	1	1.12	0.290	1	45.86	<0.001
D x N	1	3.81	0.051	1	2.16	0.141	1	2.81	0.094	1	2.10	0.147
Plant history x D	1	0.08	0.775	1	1.03	0.311	1	0.03	0.874	1	0.20	0.656
Soil history x D	1	<0.01	0.969	1	0.21	0.649	1	0.15	0.696	1	0.21	0.646
Soil treatment x D	2	0.80	0.670	2	0.69	0.708	2	0.38	0.828	2	1.04	0.594
Plant history x N	1	<0.01	0.972	1	0.87	0.350	1	0.32	0.569	1	0.73	0.391
Soil history x N	1	<0.01	0.984	1	0.01	0.936	1	0.01	0.920	1	0.03	0.857
Soil treatment x N	2	4.20	0.123	2	1.87	0.392	2	6.33	0.042	2	7.28	0.026
Plant history x D x N	1	0.25	0.614	1	<0.01	0.978	1	0.17	0.680	1	0.00	0.972
Soil history x D x N	1	0.02	0.890	1	1.11	0.292	1	1.09	0.296	1	2.88	0.089
Soil treatment x D x N	2	0.35	0.838	2	0.49	0.782	2	1.16	0.559	2	1.97	0.373

Appendix 2—table 6

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expressions of A. elatius.

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

A. elatius	Growth height			Shoot nitrogen conc.			Leaf greenness
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.24	0.625	1	0.12	0.725	1	0.07	0.795
Soil history	1	0.61	0.436	1	0.36	0.547	1	0.67	0.413
Soil treatment	2	2.01	0.365	2	0.80	0.670	2	0.19	0.907
Drought (D)	1	2.11	0.146	1	36.64	<0.001	1	30.19	<0.001
Nitrogen input (N)	1	5.35	0.021	1	142.97	<0.001	1	153.54	<0.001
D x N	1	0.02	0.881	1	32.71	<0.001	1	0.27	0.604
Plant history x D	1	4.68	0.030	1	1.41	0.236	1	0.48	0.487
Soil history x D	1	0.01	0.904	1	0.26	0.612	1	0.06	0.813
Soil treatment x D	2	3.10	0.212	2	0.38	0.827	2	1.58	0.453
Plant history x N	1	1.15	0.284	1	1.08	0.300	1	3.76	0.053
Soil history x N	1	0.61	0.434	1	0.20	0.656	1	1.09	0.295
Soil treatment x N	2	3.03	0.220	2	0.27	0.874	2	2.37	0.305
Plant history x D x N	1	0.59	0.443	1	1.85	0.174	1	0.37	0.545
Soil history x D x N	1	0.93	0.334	1	0.03	0.854	1	0.06	0.813
Soil treatment x D x N	2	7.64	0.022	2	0.26	0.877	2	1.95	0.377
	LDMC			SLA			Stomatal conductance
	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P
Air temperature	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	<0.01	0.948
Daytime	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	8.05	0.005
Plant history	1	0.46	0.500	5	1.69	0.194	1	0.49	0.486
Soil history	1	0.19	0.666	6	1.83	0.176	1	0.05	0.823
Soil treatment	2	1.37	0.504	8	1.14	0.565	2	3.38	0.184
Drought (D)	1	7.57	0.006	9	12.37	<0.001	1	4.58	0.032
Nitrogen input (N)	1	1.05	0.307	10	0.05	0.832	1	2.00	0.158
D x N	1	0.02	0.889	11	1.87	0.171	1	0.17	0.681
Plant history x D	1	1.48	0.224	12	1.94	0.164	1	1.08	0.298
Soil history x D	1	0.36	0.549	13	0.79	0.373	1	0.05	0.830
Soil treatment x D	2	<0.01	0.998	15	1.73	0.420	2	0.73	0.693
Plant history x N	1	0.01	0.904	16	0.08	0.782	1	0.04	0.836
Soil history x N	1	0.01	0.936	17	1.69	0.193	1	0.36	0.549
Soil treatment x N	2	2.16	0.339	19	2.01	0.367	2	0.24	0.886
Plant history x D x N	1	<0.01	0.999	20	1.96	0.162	1	0.42	0.518
Soil history x D x N	1	0.10	0.752	21	0.15	0.696	1	1.48	0.224
Soil treatment x D x N	2	0.35	0.840	23	0.50	0.781	2	1.99	0.369
	Root diameter			SRL			RLD
	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P
Plant history	1	0.08	0.783	1	0.31	0.576	1	0.09	0.767
Soil history	1	0.23	0.629	1	0.22	0.639	1	0.82	0.364
Soil treatment	2	2.89	0.236	2	5.30	0.071	2	3.35	0.187
Drought (D)	1	0.32	0.572	1	5.25	0.022	1	0.04	0.851
Nitrogen input (N)	1	3.46	0.063	1	13.72	<0.001	1	0.13	0.723
D x N	1	0.01	0.932	1	1.62	0.204	1	<0.01	0.989
Plant history x D	1	0.39	0.531	1	0.11	0.740	1	0.77	0.380
Soil history x D	1	0.01	0.938	1	0.95	0.329	1	0.29	0.590
Soil treatment x D	2	2.11	0.349	2	0.51	0.775	2	0.45	0.797
Plant history x N	1	0.09	0.764	1	1.41	0.235	1	1.29	0.256
Soil history x N	1	1.35	0.246	1	0.32	0.573	1	3.53	0.060
Soil treatment x N	2	0.68	0.711	2	1.06	0.590	2	1.76	0.416
Plant history x D x N	1	1.68	0.194	1	2.73	0.099	1	3.70	0.054
Soil history x D x N	1	4.45	0.035	1	0.52	0.469	1	1.46	0.227
Soil treatment x D x N	2	2.00	0.369	2	2.75	0.253	2	2.26	0.324

Appendix 2—table 7

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expressions of A. pratensis.

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

A. pratensis	Growth height			Shoot nitrogen conc.			Leaf greenness
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	1.35	0.246	1	0.16	0.687	1	0.49	0.485
Soil history	1	0.71	0.400	1	<0.01	0.967	1	0.11	0.745
Soil treatment	2	8.50	0.014	2	1.38	0.501	2	0.20	0.903
Drought (D)	1	1.07	0.300	1	15.42	<0.001	1	16.09	<0.001
Nitrogen input (N)	1	10.63	0.001	1	246.65	<0.001	1	143.35	<0.001
D x N	1	1.40	0.236	1	17.58	<0.001	1	0.86	0.353
Plant history x D	1	0.16	0.692	1	<0.01	0.979	1	0.58	0.446
Soil history x D	1	0.31	0.577	1	0.52	0.471	1	3.04	0.081
Soil treatment x D	2	1.11	0.575	2	0.50	0.778	2	3.39	0.183
Plant history x N	1	0.28	0.597	1	0.17	0.681	1	<0.01	0.994
Soil history x N	1	0.01	0.919	1	0.10	0.747	1	1.10	0.293
Soil treatment x N	2	2.42	0.299	2	6.58	0.037	2	0.19	0.911
Plant history x D x N	1	0.18	0.672	1	0.87	0.352	1	1.06	0.304
Soil history x D x N	1	0.45	0.501	1	0.49	0.485	1	0.03	0.863
Soil treatment x D x N	2	0.85	0.654	2	2.08	0.353	2	0.32	0.854
	LDMC			SLA			Stomatal conductance
	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P
Air temperature	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	0.16	0.685
Daytime	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	1.78	0.182
Plant history	1	2.82	0.093	1	0.19	0.665	1	0.43	0.513
Soil history	1	1.80	0.180	1	0.94	0.332	1	0.41	0.520
Soil treatment	2	3.57	0.168	2	5.69	0.058	2	3.67	0.159
Drought (D)	1	4.02	0.045	1	1.29	0.255	1	6.17	0.013
Nitrogen input (N)	1	0.75	0.388	1	2.93	0.087	1	3.64	0.056
D x N	1	0.33	0.566	1	0.41	0.524	1	3.45	0.063
Plant history x D	1	0.13	0.715	1	0.27	0.604	1	0.03	0.862
Soil history x D	1	0.16	0.685	1	<0.01	0.980	1	0.64	0.423
Soil treatment x D	2	1.40	0.497	2	1.39	0.499	2	0.01	0.993
Plant history x N	1	1.03	0.311	1	1.02	0.313	1	0.58	0.447
Soil history x N	1	<0.01	0.950	1	0.78	0.377	1	0.18	0.669
Soil treatment x N	2	0.64	0.726	2	2.56	0.278	2	0.27	0.874
Plant history x D x N	1	0.80	0.372	1	1.67	0.197	1	2.57	0.109
Soil history x D x N	1	4.17	0.041	1	1.01	0.315	1	0.23	0.634
Soil treatment x D x N	2	0.18	0.912	2	1.09	0.581	2	15.71	<0.001
	Root diameter			SRL			RLD
	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P
Plant history	1	0.01	0.935	1	0.28	0.597	1	0.06	0.809
Soil history	1	0.18	0.676	1	0.01	0.934	1	0.92	0.337
Soil treatment	2	0.54	0.763	2	0.97	0.615	2	0.12	0.940
Drought (D)	1	39.31	<0.001	1	5.25	0.022	1	82.01	<0.001
Nitrogen input (N)	1	51.80	<0.001	1	5.33	0.021	1	0.34	0.560
D x N	1	0.09	0.767	1	5.57	0.018	1	4.32	0.038
Plant history x D	1	0.01	0.906	1	0.30	0.587	1	0.26	0.611
Soil history x D	1	0.09	0.769	1	0.01	0.910	1	0.02	0.877
Soil treatment x D	2	2.58	0.276	2	4.88	0.087	2	0.11	0.948
Plant history x N	1	0.03	0.869	1	0.19	0.660	1	0.17	0.682
Soil history x N	1	6.39	0.011	1	8.14	0.004	1	0.63	0.426
Soil treatment x N	2	1.82	0.402	2	3.27	0.195	2	1.24	0.539
Plant history x D x N	1	0.54	0.461	1	0.15	0.700	1	0.28	0.594
Soil history x D x N	1	1.82	0.178	1	1.87	0.172	1	0.27	0.605
Soil treatment x D x N	2	3.23	0.199	2	1.63	0.443	2	0.70	0.703

Appendix 2—table 8

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expressions of D. glomerata.

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

D. glomerata	Growth height			Shoot nitrogen conc.			Leaf greenness
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.05	0.831	1	0.58	0.444	1	0.22	0.640
Soil history	1	1.56	0.212	1	1.35	0.245	1	0.27	0.606
Soil treatment	2	5.25	0.073	2	0.75	0.687	2	0.55	0.760
Drought (D)	1	<0.01	0.976	1	19.10	<0.001	1	29.41	<0.001
Nitrogen input (N)	1	11.51	0.001	1	183.85	<0.001	1	172.91	<0.001
D x N	1	<0.01	0.949	1	3.72	0.054	1	0.08	0.781
Plant history x D	1	0.01	0.920	1	0.05	0.828	1	2.75	0.097
Soil history x D	1	0.82	0.366	1	0.08	0.774	1	0.22	0.639
Soil treatment x D	2	0.48	0.785	2	0.25	0.880	2	0.21	0.899
Plant history x N	1	0.91	0.341	1	2.96	0.086	1	0.61	0.437
Soil history x N	1	0.23	0.633	1	0.32	0.571	1	1.75	0.186
Soil treatment x N	2	0.35	0.840	2	0.29	0.866	2	4.92	0.085
Plant history x D x N	1	0.12	0.733	1	1.62	0.204	1	0.54	0.462
Soil history x D x N	1	0.71	0.400	1	5.07	0.024	1	<0.01	0.998
Soil treatment x D x N	2	0.06	0.969	2	2.15	0.341	2	0.33	0.846
	LDMC			SLA			Stomatal conductance
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Air temperature	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	0.39	0.531
Daytime	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	20.31	<0.001
Plant history	1	0.12	0.727	1	0.80	0.371	1	5.08	0.024
Soil history	1	0.58	0.445	1	0.32	0.573	1	<0.01	0.944
Soil treatment	2	0.58	0.749	2	1.20	0.548	2	0.54	0.765
Drought (D)	1	0.07	0.798	1	0.54	0.461	1	9.01	0.003
Nitrogen input (N)	1	55.57	<0.001	1	57.43	<0.001	1	2.72	0.099
D x N	1	20.69	<0.001	1	6.61	0.010	1	6.34	0.012
Plant history x D	1	0.04	0.842	1	0.46	0.498	1	0.07	0.793
Soil history x D	1	0.01	0.926	1	0.09	0.762	1	<0.01	0.991
Soil treatment x D	2	1.43	0.490	2	0.09	0.958	2	0.19	0.907
Plant history x N	1	0.99	0.320	1	0.02	0.893	1	0.32	0.571
Soil history x N	1	2.48	0.115	1	2.19	0.139	1	0.69	0.406
Soil treatment x N	2	0.13	0.938	2	1.56	0.459	2	0.09	0.958
Plant history x D x N	1	2.00	0.157	1	0.09	0.768	1	0.33	0.566
Soil history x D x N	1	1.30	0.254	1	4.99	0.026	1	5.98	0.014
Soil treatment x D x N	2	3.56	0.169	2	1.09	0.579	2	1.57	0.456
	Root diameter			SRL			RLD
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.60	0.438	1	0.96	0.326	1	2.61	0.107
Soil history	1	0.06	0.805	1	0.07	0.791	1	0.01	0.933
Soil treatment	2	0.07	0.967	2	0.58	0.749	2	2.44	0.296
Drought (D)	1	0.93	0.335	1	1.16	0.281	1	9.45	0.002
Nitrogen input (N)	1	1.22	0.270	1	0.37	0.545	1	7.05	0.008
D x N	1	0.80	0.370	1	1.73	0.189	1	0.08	0.773
Plant history x D	1	3.60	0.058	1	0.64	0.425	1	0.25	0.614
Soil history x D	1	1.41	0.235	1	0.62	0.430	1	0.23	0.632
Soil treatment x D	2	0.65	0.721	2	1.95	0.377	2	2.43	0.297
Plant history x N	1	0.19	0.667	1	2.05	0.152	1	0.03	0.854
Soil history x N	1	0.60	0.437	1	<0.01	0.994	1	0.21	0.646
Soil treatment x N	2	0.85	0.653	2	0.97	0.616	2	1.76	0.414
Plant history x D x N	1	1.49	0.222	1	0.14	0.712	1	3.11	0.078
Soil history x D x N	1	0.49	0.483	1	3.54	0.060	1	1.07	0.301
Soil treatment x D x N	2	1.65	0.438	2	1.16	0.559	2	0.20	0.907

Appendix 2—table 9

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expressions of P. trivialis.

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and P-values (P). Significant effects (P < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (P < 0.1) in italics.

P. trivialis	Growth height			Shoot nitrogen conc.			Leaf greenness
	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P
Plant history	1	0.06	0.800	1	0.00	0.997	1	0.93	0.334
Soil history	1	2.29	0.131	1	0.05	0.824	1	1.10	0.294
Soil treatment	2	1.66	0.435	2	0.51	0.776	2	1.15	0.563
Drought (D)	1	30.17	<0.001	1	5.46	0.019	1	1.42	0.233
Nitrogen input (N)	1	12.16	<0.001	1	297.03	<0.001	1	108.82	<0.001
D x N	1	1.72	0.190	1	17.06	<0.001	1	1.09	0.296
Plant history x D	1	0.22	0.637	1	0.11	0.736	1	3.08	0.079
Soil history x D	1	2.28	0.131	1	0.53	0.469	1	0.06	0.806
Soil treatment x D	2	3.11	0.211	2	1.03	0.598	2	0.18	0.916
Plant history x N	1	5.16	0.023	1	0.05	0.821	1	0.13	0.719
Soil history x N	1	3.49	0.062	1	0.04	0.842	1	0.36	0.549
Soil treatment x N	2	2.08	0.354	2	1.04	0.594	2	1.98	0.371
Plant history x D x N	1	0.92	0.336	1	0.03	0.865	1	0.11	0.738
Soil history x D x N	1	0.13	0.718	1	0.18	0.669	1	0.00	0.967
Soil treatment x D x N	2	2.11	0.348	2	5.57	0.062	2	1.74	0.418
	LDMC			SLA			Stomatal conductance
	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P
Air temperature	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	38.70	<0.001
Daytime	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	18.64	<0.001
Plant history	1	<0.01	0.965	1	0.62	0.431	1	0.18	0.675
Soil history	1	0.08	0.777	1	0.49	0.485	1	0.71	0.399
Soil treatment	2	1.64	0.441	2	2.12	0.346	2	3.25	0.197
Drought (D)	1	2.85	0.091	1	2.75	0.097	1	0.22	0.636
Nitrogen input (N)	1	57.72	<0.001	1	41.44	<0.001	1	0.06	0.800
D x N	1	0.39	0.534	1	0.62	0.431	1	2.87	0.090
Plant history x D	1	1.09	0.296	1	0.38	0.540	1	2.86	0.091
Soil history x D	1	2.26	0.133	1	0.45	0.502	1	0.01	0.908
Soil treatment x D	2	0.19	0.908	2	1.33	0.515	2	0.40	0.819
Plant history x N	1	3.37	0.066	1	1.56	0.212	1	0.35	0.554
Soil history x N	1	0.54	0.461	1	0.21	0.645	1	2.45	0.118
Soil treatment x N	2	1.89	0.388	2	3.10	0.213	2	1.36	0.508
Plant history x D x N	1	0.13	0.720	1	0.58	0.446	1	0.14	0.704
Soil history x D x N	1	1.15	0.283	1	1.01	0.315	1	7.44	0.006
Soil treatment x D x N	2	3.30	0.192	2	0.99	0.610	2	2.20	0.333
	Root diameter			SRL			RLD
	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P	Df	Chi²	P
Plant history	1	2.10	0.147	1	2.38	0.123	1	0.04	0.840
Soil history	1	0.08	0.781	1	0.30	0.581	1	1.31	0.253
Soil treatment	2	0.13	0.938	2	0.31	0.856	2	1.13	0.568
Drought (D)	1	14.18	<0.001	1	0.89	0.347	1	18.25	<0.001
Nitrogen input (N)	1	0.17	0.677	1	3.49	0.062	1	0.03	0.872
D x N	1	0.88	0.349	1	0.25	0.618	1	1.16	0.282
Plant history x D	1	0.40	0.525	1	0.27	0.602	1	0.16	0.692
Soil history x D	1	0.48	0.487	1	0.20	0.655	1	1.36	0.244
Soil treatment x D	2	5.85	0.054	2	0.50	0.777	2	0.43	0.808
Plant history x N	1	1.28	0.258	1	0.07	0.795	1	0.28	0.594
Soil history x N	1	1.21	0.271	1	0.36	0.549	1	0.65	0.418
Soil treatment x N	2	2.99	0.225	2	9.11	0.011	2	0.33	0.846
Plant history x D x N	1	0.33	0.566	1	0.05	0.821	1	0.02	0.878
Soil history x D x N	1	4.11	0.043	1	9.74	0.002	1	2.06	0.151
Soil treatment x D x N	2	0.52	0.772	2	1.40	0.495	2	1.43	0.488

Appendix 2—table 10

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on mildew infestation of D. glomerata and P. trivialis.

Shown are degrees of freedom (Df), Chi² and p-values (p). Significant effects (p < 0.05) are given in bold, marginally significant effects (p < 0.1) in italics.

Mildew infestation	D. glomerata			P. trivialis
	Df	Chi²	p	Df	Chi²	p
Plant history	1	0.29	0.588	1	0.01	0.939
Soil history	1	0.24	0.622	1	4.16	0.041
Soil treatment	2	0.22	0.896	2	3.36	0.187
Drought (D)	1	2.44	0.119	1	10.69	0.001
Nitrogen input (N)	1	42.75	<0.001	1	38.76	<0.001
D x N	1	1.05	0.305	1	0.98	0.321
Plant history x D	1	0.03	0.855	1	0.02	0.889
Soil history x D	1	2.25	0.134	1	0.07	0.788
Soil treatment x D	2	5.79	0.055	2	0.25	0.884
Plant history x N	1	<0.01	0.953	1	0.25	0.614
Soil history x N	1	0.21	0.643	1	0.50	0.477
Soil treatment x N	2	0.32	0.854	2	1.22	0.544
Plant history x D x N	1	3.00	0.083	1	0.09	0.770
Soil history x D x N	1	1.69	0.193	1	0.93	0.335
Soil treatment x D x N	2	7.15	0.028	2	0.62	0.734

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Peter Dietrich
Jens Schumacher
Nico Eisenhauer
Christiane Roscher

(2022)

Eco-evolutionary dynamics modulate plant responses to global change depending on plant diversity and species identity

eLife 11:e74054.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.74054

Figures

Shoot and root biomass production (a), and total biomass production (b) of plants grown either in soil originated from two-species or six-species communities across all four study species and separately for each species.

Response of plants treated with drought, nitrogen input, or a combination of both relative to non-treated plants (control) for total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass, and root-shoot ratio across four study species (a–c) and separately for each species (d–f).

Overview of experimental design.

Tables

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity (N = 4), legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input), and their interactions on plant performance (total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass).

Summary list of response variables and experimental factors of the common garden experiment.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant trait expressions of A. elatius, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant trait expressions of A. pratensis, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant trait expressions of D. glomerata, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant trait expressions of P. trivialis, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on mildew infestation of D. glomerata and P. trivialis, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity (N = 4), legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on root-shoot ratio.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity (N = 4), legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expression.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expressions of A. elatius.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expressions of A. pratensis.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expressions of D. glomerata.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expressions of P. trivialis.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on mildew infestation of D. glomerata and P. trivialis.

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Shoot and root biomass production (a), and total biomass production (b) of plants grown either in soil originated from two-species or six-species communities across all four study species and separately for each species.

Response of plants treated with drought, nitrogen input, or a combination of both relative to non-treated plants (control) for total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass, and root-shoot ratio across four study species (a–c) and separately for each species (d–f).

Overview of experimental design.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity (N = 4), legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input), and their interactions on plant performance (total biomass, shoot biomass, root biomass).

Summary list of response variables and experimental factors of the common garden experiment.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant trait expressions of A. elatius, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant trait expressions of A. pratensis, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant trait expressions of D. glomerata, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on plant trait expressions of P. trivialis, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment) on mildew infestation of D. glomerata and P. trivialis, when non-treated (control) or treated with GC drivers (drought, nitrogen input, drought and nitrogen input (D x N)).

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity (N = 4), legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on root-shoot ratio.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of species identity (N = 4), legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expression.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expressions of A. elatius.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expressions of A. pratensis.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expressions of D. glomerata.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on plant trait expressions of P. trivialis.

Summary of mixed-effect model analyses testing the effects of legacy treatments (plant history, soil history, soil treatment), global change treatments (drought, nitrogen input) and their interactions on mildew infestation of D. glomerata and P. trivialis.

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