Electrophysiological dynamics of salience, default mode, and frontoparietal networks during episodic memory formation and recall revealed through multi-experiment iEEG replication
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States
Figures
Figure 1
Task design of the encoding and recall periods of the memory experiments, and intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recording sites in AI, with DMN and FPN nodes.
(a) Experiment 1: verbal free recall (VFR). (i) Task design of memory encoding and recall periods of the VFR experiment (see ‘Methods’ for details). Participants were first presented with a list of words in the encoding block and asked to recall as many as possible from the original list after a short delay. (ii) Electrode locations for AI with DMN nodes (top panel) and AI with FPN nodes (bottom panel), in the VFR experiment. Proportion of electrodes for AI, PCC/Pr, mPFC, dPPC, and MFG were 9, 8, 19, 32, and 32%, respectively, in the VFR experiment. (b) Experiment 2: categorized verbal free recall (CATVFR). (i) Task design of memory encoding and recall periods of the CATVFR experiment (see ‘Methods’ for details). Participants were presented with a list of words with consecutive pairs of words from a specific category (e.g., JEANS-COAT, GRAPE-PEACH, etc.) in the encoding block and subsequently asked to recall as many as possible from the original list after a short delay. (ii) Electrode locations for AI with DMN nodes (top panel) and AI with FPN nodes (bottom panel), in the CATVFR experiment. Proportion of electrodes for AI, PCC/Pr, mPFC, dPPC, and MFG were 10, 7, 11, 35, and 37%, respectively, in the CATVFR experiment. (c) Experiment 3: paired associates learning verbal cued recall (PALVCR). (i) Task design of memory encoding and recall periods of the PALVCR experiment (see ‘Methods’ for details). Participants were first presented with a list of six word-pairs in the encoding block, and after a short post-encoding delay, participants were shown a specific word-cue and asked to verbally recall the cued word from memory. (ii) Electrode locations for AI with DMN nodes (top panel) and AI with FPN nodes (bottom panel), in the PALVCR experiment. Proportion of electrodes for AI, PCC/Pr, mPFC, dPPC, and MFG were 14, 5, 13, 33, and 35%, respectively, in the PALVCR experiment. (d) Experiment 4: water maze spatial memory (WMSM). (i) Task design of memory encoding and recall periods of the WMSM experiment (see ‘Methods’ for details). Participants were shown objects in various locations during the encoding period and asked to retrieve the location of the objects during the recall period. (ii) Electrode locations for AI with DMN nodes (top panel) and AI with FPN nodes (bottom panel), in the WMSM experiment. Proportion of electrodes for AI, PCC/Pr, mPFC, dPPC, and MFG were 10, 15, 13, 38, and 24%, respectively, in the WMSM experiment. Overall, proportion of electrodes for VFR, CATVFR, PALVCR, and WMSM experiments were 43, 27, 15, and 15%, respectively. AI: anterior insula, DMN: default mode network, FPN: frontoparietal network; PCC: posterior cingulate cortex, Pr: precuneus, mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex, dPPC: dorsal posterior parietal cortex, MFG: middle frontal gyrus.
© 2016, Elsevier. Panel d(i) is reprinted from Figure 1A of Jacobs et al., 2016 with permission from Elsevier. It is not covered by the CC-BY 4.0 licence and further reproduction of this panel would need permission from the copyright holder.
Figure 2
Anterior insula electrode locations (red) visualized on insular regions based on the atlas by Faillenot et al., 2017.
Anterior insula (AI) is shown in blue, and posterior insula (PI) mask is shown in green (see ‘Methods’ for details). This atlas is based on probabilistic analysis of the anatomy of the insula with demarcations of the AI based on three short dorsal gyri and the PI, which encompasses two long and ventral gyri.
Figure 3
Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG)-evoked response, quantified using high-gamma (HG) power, for anterior insula (AI) (red) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus (blue) during (a) verbal free recall (VFR), (b) categorized verbal free recall (CATVFR), (c) paired associates learning verbal cued recall (PALVCR), and (d) water maze spatial memory (WMSM) experiments.
Green horizontal lines denote greater HG power for AI compared to PCC/precuneus (ps<0.05). Red horizontal lines denote increase of AI response compared to the resting baseline during the encoding and recall periods (ps<0.05). Blue horizontal lines denote decrease of PCC/precuneus response compared to the baseline during the encoding periods and increase of PCC/precuneus response compared to the baseline during the recall periods (ps<0.05).
Figure 4
Directed information flow between the anterior insula (AI) and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) nodes of the default mode network (DMN), across verbal and spatial memory domains, measured using phase transfer entropy (PTE).
(a) Experiment 1: verbal free recall (VFR). The AI showed higher directed information flow to the PCC/precuneus (AI → PCC/Pr) compared to the reverse direction (PCC/Pr → AI) (n = 142) during both encoding and recall. The AI also showed higher directed information flow to the mPFC (AI → mPFC) compared to the reverse direction (mPFC → AI) (n = 112) during both memory encoding and recall. (b) Experiment 2: categorized verbal free recall (CATVFR). The AI showed higher directed information flow to the PCC/precuneus (AI → PCC/Pr) compared to the reverse direction (PCC/Pr → AI) (n = 46) during both encoding and recall. (c) Experiment 3: paired associates learning verbal cued recall (PALVCR). The AI showed higher directed information flow to the PCC/precuneus (AI → PCC/Pr) compared to the reverse direction (PCC/Pr → AI) (n = 10) during both encoding and recall. (d) Experiment 4: water maze spatial memory (WMSM). The AI showed higher directed information flow to PCC/precuneus (AI → PCC/Pr) than the reverse (PCC/Pr → AI) (n = 91) during both spatial memory encoding and recall. The AI also showed higher directed information flow to mPFC (AI → mPFC) than the reverse (mPFC → AI) (n = 23) during both spatial memory encoding and recall. In each panel, the direction for which PTE is higher is underlined. White dot in each violin plot represents median PTE across electrode pairs. ***p<0.001, * p<0.05.
Figure 5
Directed information flow between the anterior insula (AI) and the dorsal posterior parietal cortex (dPPC) and middle frontal gyrus (MFG) nodes of the frontoparietal network (FPN) across verbal and spatial memory domains.
(a) Experiment 1: verbal free recall (VFR). The AI showed higher directed information flow to the dPPC (AI → dPPC) compared to the reverse direction (dPPC → AI) (n = 586) during both encoding and recall. The AI also showed higher directed information flow to the MFG (AI → MFG) compared to the reverse direction (MFG → AI) (n = 642) during both memory encoding and recall. (b) Experiment 2: categorized verbal free recall (CATVFR). The AI showed higher directed information flow to the dPPC (AI → dPPC) compared to the reverse direction (dPPC → AI) (n = 327) during both encoding and recall. (c) Experiment 3: paired associates learning verbal cued recall (PALVCR). The AI showed higher directed information flow to the dPPC (AI → dPPC) compared to the reverse direction (dPPC → AI) (n = 242) during both encoding and recall. The AI also showed higher directed information flow to the MFG (AI → MFG) compared to the reverse direction (MFG → AI) (n = 362) during memory recall. (d) Experiment 4: water maze spatial memory (WMSM). The AI showed higher directed information flow to MFG (AI → MFG) than the reverse (MFG → AI) (n = 177) during both spatial memory encoding and recall. In each panel, the direction for which PTE is higher is underlined. ***p<0.001, **p<0.01.
Figure 6
The anterior insula (AI) is an outflow hub in its interactions with the default mode network (DMN) and frontoparietal network (FPN) during encoding and recall periods, and across memory experiments.
In each panel, the net direction of information flow between the AI and the DMN and FPN nodes is indicated by green arrows on the right. ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.
Figure 7
Schematic illustration of key findings related to the intracranial electrophysiology of the triple network model in human episodic memory.
(a) High-gamma response. Our analysis of local neuronal activity revealed consistent suppression of high-gamma power in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus compared to the anterior insula (AI) during encoding periods across all four episodic memory experiments. We did not consistently observe any significant differences in high-gamma band power between AI and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) node of the default mode network (DMN) or the dorsal PPC (dPPC) and middle frontal gyrus (MFG) nodes of the frontoparietal network (FPN) during the encoding periods across the four episodic memory experiments. In contrast, we detected similar high-gamma band power in the PCC/precuneus relative to the AI during the recall periods. (b) Directed information flow. Despite variable patterns of local activation and suppression across DMN and FPN nodes during memory encoding and recall, we found stronger directed influence (denoted by green arrows, thickness of arrows denotes degree of replicability across experiments, see Table 1) by the AI on both the DMN as well as the FPN nodes than the reverse across all four memory experiments, and during both encoding and recall periods.
Appendix 1—figure 1
Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG)-evoked response for anterior insula (AI) (red) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (cyan) in the four experiments.
Green horizontal lines denote time periods where high-gamma power between the AI and mPFC was significantly different from each other. Red and cyan horizontal lines denote increase of high-gamma power compared to the resting baseline in the AI and mPFC, respectively.
Appendix 1—figure 2
Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG)-evoked response for anterior insula (AI) (red) and dorsal posterior parietal cortex (dPPC) (purple) in the four experiments.
Green horizontal lines denote time periods where high-gamma power between the AI and dPPC was significantly different from each other. Red and purple horizontal lines denote increase of high-gamma power compared to the resting baseline in the AI and dPPC, respectively.
Appendix 1—figure 3
Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG)-evoked response for anterior insula (AI) (red) and middle frontal gyrus (MFG) (orange) in the four experiments.
Green horizontal lines denote time periods where high-gamma power between the AI and MFG was significantly different from each other. Red and orange horizontal lines denote increase of high-gamma power compared to the resting baseline in the AI and MFG, respectively.
Appendix 1—figure 4
Directed information flow from the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) to the default mode network (DMN) nodes and the reverse in broadband frequencies (0.5–80 Hz).
***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.
Appendix 1—figure 5
Directed information flow from the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) to the frontoparietal network (FPN) nodes and the reverse in broadband frequencies (0.5–80 Hz).
***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.
Appendix 1—figure 6
Comparison of net outflow for anterior insula (AI) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in broadband frequencies (0.5–80 Hz).
***p<0.001.
Appendix 1—figure 7
Differential directed information flow from the anterior insula to the default mode network (DMN) nodes during task versus resting-state in broadband frequencies (0.5–80 Hz).
***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05.
Appendix 1—figure 8
Differential directed information flow from the anterior insula to the FPN nodes during task versus resting-state, in broadband frequencies (0.5–80 Hz).
*** p<0.001, ** p<0.01, * p<0.05.
Appendix 1—figure 9
Comparison of net outflow for task versus resting state in anterior insula (AI) in broadband frequencies (0.5–80 Hz).
***p<0.001, *p<0.05.
Appendix 1—figure 10
Directed information flow from the anterior insula to the default mode network (DMN) nodes during successfully (S) compared to unsuccessfully (U) recalled trials in broadband frequencies (0.5–80 Hz).
Appendix 1—figure 11
Directed information flow from the anterior insula to the frontoparietal network (FPN) nodes during successfully (S) compared to unsuccessfully (U) recalled trials in broadband frequencies (0.5–80 Hz).
Appendix 1—figure 12
Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG)-evoked response for posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus (blue) and dorsal posterior parietal cortex (dPPC) (purple) in the four experiments.
Green horizontal lines denote time periods where high-gamma power between the PCC/precuneus and dPPC was significantly different from each other.
Appendix 1—figure 13
Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG)-evoked response for posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus (blue) and middle frontal gyrus (MFG) (orange) in the four experiments.
Green horizontal lines denote time periods where high-gamma power between the PCC/precuneus and MFG was significantly different from each other.
Tables
Table 1
Replicability of findings of directed interactions of the AI with the DMN and FPN nodes for different memory experiments during (a) memory encoding and (b) memory recall.
The verbal free recall (VFR) task was considered the original dataset and the categorized verbal free recall (CATVFR), paired associates learning verbal cued recall (PALVCR), and water maze spatial memory (WMSM) tasks were considered replication datasets, and Bayes factor (BF) for replication was calculated for pairwise tasks (VFR vs. T, where T can be CATVFR, PALVCR, or WMSM task). Significant BF results (BF > 3) are indicated in bold. AI: anterior insula, DMN: default mode network; FPN: frontoparietal network, PCC: posterior cingulate cortex, Pr: precuneus, mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex, dPPC: dorsal posterior parietal cortex, MFG: middle frontal gyrus.
| (a) Memory encoding | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Finding | BF for VFR-CATVFR replication | BF for VFR-PALVCR replication | BF for VFR-WMSN replication |
| AI→PCC/Pr >PCC/Pr→AI | 9.31E+05 | 1.44E+04 | 1.68E+18 |
| AI→mPFC>mPFC→AI | 4.10E+01 | 8.78E+00 | 5.34E+05 |
| AI→dPPC>dPPC→AI | 3.95E+43 | 2.33E+26 | 3.25E+40 |
| AI→MFG>MFG→AI | 1.49E+51 | 1.61E+33 | 2.35E+27 |
| (b) Memory recall | |||
| Finding | BF for VFR-CATVFR replication | BF for VFR-PALVCR replication | BF for VFR-WMSN replication |
| AI→PCC/Pr>PCC/Pr→AI | 1.30E+05 | 6.74E+00 | 2.54E+10 |
| AI→mPFC>mPFC→AI | 2.02E+01 | 3.52E-05 | 1.32E+04 |
| AI→dPPC>dPPC→AI | 7.04E+38 | 2.98E+45 | 4.51E+27 |
| AI→MFG>MFG→AI | 1.74E+54 | 5.72E+52 | 6.90E+27 |
Appendix 1—table 1
Participant demographic information (total 177 participants).
| Participant ID | Gender | Age |
|---|---|---|
| 001 | F | 48 |
| 002 | F | 49 |
| 003 | F | 39 |
| 006 | F | 20 |
| 010 | F | 30 |
| 014 | F | 47 |
| 015 | F | 54 |
| 018 | M | 47 |
| 019 | F | 34 |
| 020 | F | 48 |
| 021 | M | 38 |
| 022 | M | 24 |
| 023 | M | 32 |
| 024 | F | 36 |
| 025 | F | 19 |
| 026 | F | 24 |
| 027 | M | 48 |
| 028 | F | 27 |
| 029 | F | 33 |
| 030 | M | 23 |
| 032 | F | 19 |
| 033 | F | 31 |
| 034 | F | 29 |
| 035 | F | 45 |
| 036 | M | 49 |
| 039 | F | 28 |
| 041 | M | 34 |
| 042 | F | 28 |
| 044 | M | 58 |
| 045 | M | 51 |
| 049 | F | 52 |
| 050 | M | 20 |
| 051 | F | 24 |
| 052 | F | 19 |
| 053 | F | 39 |
| 054 | M | 23 |
| 056 | M | 34 |
| 057 | M | 53 |
| 059 | F | 44 |
| 060 | F | 36 |
| 062 | F | 23 |
| 063 | M | 23 |
| 064 | M | 56 |
| 065 | F | 34 |
| 066 | M | 39 |
| 067 | F | 45 |
| 068 | F | 39 |
| 069 | M | 26 |
| 070 | F | 40 |
| 074 | M | 24 |
| 075 | M | 50 |
| 076 | M | 29 |
| 077 | F | 47 |
| 078 | F | 22 |
| 080 | F | 43 |
| 081 | F | 33 |
| 082 | M | 39 |
| 084 | M | 25 |
| 087 | M | 51 |
| 089 | M | 36 |
| 090 | F | 52 |
| 091 | M | 28 |
| 092 | M | 44 |
| 093 | M | 24 |
| 094 | M | 47 |
| 095 | F | 35 |
| 097 | M | 34 |
| 098 | F | 38 |
| 100 | F | 43 |
| 101 | F | 26 |
| 102 | M | 34 |
| 105 | M | 25 |
| 106 | M | 26 |
| 107 | M | 25 |
| 108 | F | 23 |
| 109 | F | 43 |
| 111 | M | 20 |
| 114 | F | 31 |
| 115 | M | 47 |
| 118 | M | 33 |
| 119 | F | 26 |
| 120 | F | 33 |
| 121 | M | 34 |
| 123 | F | 29 |
| 124 | F | 40 |
| 125 | F | 44 |
| 127 | F | 40 |
| 128 | M | 26 |
| 129 | F | 34 |
| 130 | M | 57 |
| 131 | M | 24 |
| 134 | M | 64 |
| 135 | M | 47 |
| 136 | F | 16 |
| 137 | F | 21 |
| 138 | M | 41 |
| 141 | F | 44 |
| 142 | F | 43 |
| 144 | M | 53 |
| 147 | M | 47 |
| 148 | F | 59 |
| 149 | F | 28 |
| 150 | F | 49 |
| 151 | M | 36 |
| 153 | M | 38 |
| 155 | M | 37 |
| 156 | M | 27 |
| 157 | M | 22 |
| 158 | F | 45 |
| 159 | F | 42 |
| 161 | F | 53 |
| 162 | F | 30 |
| 163 | M | 45 |
| 164 | M | 37 |
| 166 | M | 38 |
| 167 | M | 33 |
| 168 | M | 24 |
| 171 | M | 36 |
| 172 | F | 22 |
| 173 | F | 18 |
| 174 | M | 29 |
| 175 | M | 34 |
| 176 | F | 41 |
| 177 | F | 23 |
| 178 | M | 40 |
| 180 | F | 21 |
| 181 | M | 22 |
| 184 | M | 42 |
| 186 | M | 27 |
| 187 | F | 51 |
| 189 | M | 22 |
| 190 | F | 57 |
| 193 | M | 37 |
| 195 | M | 44 |
| 196 | M | 18 |
| 200 | M | 25 |
| 202 | F | 29 |
| 203 | F | 36 |
| 204 | F | 25 |
| 207 | F | 39 |
| 212 | M | 46 |
| 221 | M | 57 |
| 222 | F | 20 |
| 223 | F | 42 |
| 227 | M | 32 |
| 228 | F | 58 |
| 230 | F | 56 |
| 232 | M | 27 |
| 234 | M | 25 |
| 236 | F | 51 |
| 238 | M | 27 |
| 239 | M | 27 |
| 240 | F | 37 |
| 245 | M | 30 |
| 247 | F | 61 |
| 251 | M | 31 |
| 260 | F | 57 |
| 263 | M | 30 |
| 264 | F | 52 |
| 268 | F | 32 |
| 271 | M | 37 |
| 274 | F | 44 |
| 275 | M | 41 |
| 276 | M | 28 |
| 279 | F | 57 |
| 283 | F | 29 |
| 284 | F | 32 |
| 286 | F | 57 |
| 292 | F | 39 |
| 297 | M | 24 |
| 298 | F | 24 |
| 299 | M | 43 |
| 302 | M | 48 |
| 303 | F | 62 |
| 304 | F | 33 |
| 310 | M | 20 |
| 312 | M | 21 |
Appendix 1—table 2
Number of electrode pairs used in phase transfer entropy (PTE) analysis in the verbal free recall task.
AI: anterior insula, PCC: posterior cingulate cortex, Pr: precuneus, mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex, dPPC: dorsal posterior parietal cortex, MFG: middle frontal gyrus.
| Network pair | Number of electrode pairs (n) | Number of participants | Participant IDs (gender/age) |
|---|---|---|---|
| AI-PCC/Pr | 142 | 18 | 030 (M/23), 049 (F/52), 054 (M/23), 057 (M/53), 062 (F/23), 114 (F/31), 115 (M/47), 134 (M/64), 153 (M/38), 158 (F/45), 168 (M/24), 193 (M/37), 196 (M/18), 204 (F/25), 236 (F/51), 240 (F/37), 286 (F/57), 299 (M/43) |
| AI-mPFC | 112 | 20 | 026 (F/24), 027 (M/48), 049 (F/52), 057 (M/53), 062 (F/23), 114 (F/31), 115 (M/47), 123 (F/29), 153 (M/38), 163 (M/45), 168 (M/24), 189 (M/22), 193 (M/37), 196 (M/18), 204 (F/25), 223 (F/42), 228 (F/58), 247 (F/61), 274 (F/44), 299 (M/43) |
| AI-dPPC | 586 | 28 | 030 (M/23), 032 (F/19), 033 (F/31), 049 (F/52), 054 (M/23), 057 (M/53), 062 (F/23), 065 (F/34), 080 (F/43), 114 (F/31), 115 (M/47), 128 (M/26), 134 (M/64), 153 (M/38), 158 (F/45), 163 (M/45), 168 (M/24), 173 (F/18), 189 (M/22), 193 (M/37), 196 (M/18), 204 (F/25), 232 (M/27), 236 (F/51), 240 (F/37), 247 (F/61), 286 (F/57), 299 (M/43) |
| AI-MFG | 642 | 36 | 026 (F/24), 030 (M/23), 032 (F/19), 033 (F/31), 049 (F/52), 054 (M/23), 057 (M/53), 062 (F/23), 063 (M/23), 065 (F/34), 114 (F/31), 115 (M/47), 153 (M/38), 158 (F/45), 163 (M/45), 166 (M/38), 168 (M/24), 178 (M/40), 189 (M/22), 193 (M/37), 196 (M/18), 204 (F/25), 207 (F/39), 223 (F/42), 228 (F/58), 230 (F/56), 232 (M/27), 240 (F/37), 247 (F/61), 264 (F/52), 274 (F/44), 283 (F/29), 286 (F/57), 298 (F/24), 299 (M/43), 310 (M/20) |
Appendix 1—table 3
Number of electrode pairs used in phase transfer entropy (PTE) analysis in the categorized verbal free recall task.
AI: anterior insula, PCC: posterior cingulate cortex, Pr: precuneus, mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex, dPPC: dorsal posterior parietal cortex, MFG: middle frontal gyrus.
| Network pair | Number of electrode pairs (n) | Number of participants | Participant IDs (gender/age) |
|---|---|---|---|
| AI-PCC/Pr | 46 | 7 | 114 (F/31), 141 (F/44), 158 (F/45), 204 (F/25), 240 (F/37), 245 (M/30), 286 (F/57) |
| AI-mPFC | 64 | 12 | 026 (F/24), 114 (F/31), 141 (F/44), 163 (M/45), 189 (M/22), 204 (F/25), 228 (F/58), 245 (M/30), 247 (F/61), 271 (M/37), 274 (F/44), 303 (F/62) |
| AI-dPPC | 327 | 14 | 028 (F/27), 032 (F/19), 065 (F/34), 114 (F/31), 141 (F/44), 158 (F/45), 163 (M/45), 189 (M/22), 204 (F/25), 240 (F/37), 245 (M/30), 247 (F/61), 271 (M/37), 286 (F/57) |
| AI-MFG | 462 | 22 | 026 (F/24), 032 (F/19), 065 (F/34), 114 (F/31), 141 (F/44), 158 (F/45), 163 (M/45), 178 (M/40), 189 (M/22), 204 (F/25), 207 (F/39), 228 (F/58), 230 (F/56), 240 (F/37), 245 (M/30), 247 (F/61), 264 (F/52), 271 (M/37), 274 (F/44), 286 (F/57), 303 (F/62), 310 (M/20) |
Appendix 1—table 4
Number of electrode pairs used in phase transfer entropy (PTE) analysis in the paired associates learning verbal cued recall task.
AI: anterior insula, PCC: posterior cingulate cortex, Pr: precuneus, mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex, dPPC: dorsal posterior parietal cortex, MFG: middle frontal gyrus.
| Network pair | Number of electrode pairs (n) | Number of participants | Participant IDs (gender/age) |
|---|---|---|---|
| AI-PCC/Pr | 10 | 2 | 141 (F/44), 196 (M/18) |
| AI-mPFC | 36 | 5 | 141 (F/44), 196 (M/18), 223 (F/42), 228 (F/58), 303 (F/62) |
| AI-dPPC | 242 | 9 | 028 (F/27), 065 (F/34), 090 (F/52), 091 (M/28), 141 (F/44), 196 (M/18), 232 (M/27), 238 (M/27), 312 (M/21) |
| AI-MFG | 362 | 14 | 065 (F/34), 090 (F/52), 091 (M/28), 141 (F/44), 196 (M/18), 207 (F/39), 223 (F/42), 228 (F/58), 230 (F/56), 232 (M/27), 238 (M/27), 283 (F/29), 303 (F/62), 312 (M/21) |
Appendix 1—table 5
Number of electrode pairs used in phase transfer entropy (PTE) analysis in the water maze spatial memory task.
AI: anterior insula, PCC: posterior cingulate cortex, Pr: precuneus, mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex, dPPC: dorsal posterior parietal cortex, MFG: middle frontal gyrus.
| Network pair | Number of electrode pairs (n) | Number of participants | Participant IDs (gender/age) |
|---|---|---|---|
| AI-PCC/Pr | 91 | 6 | 030 (M/23), 049 (F/52), 054 (M/23), 062 (F/23), 114 (F/31), 124 (F/40) |
| AI-mPFC | 23 | 5 | 026 (F/24), 049 (F/52), 052 (F/19), 062 (F/23), 114 (F/31) |
| AI-dPPC | 302 | 10 | 030 (M/23), 032 (F/19), 033 (F/31), 049 (F/52), 052 (F/19), 054 (M/23), 062 (F/23), 065 (F/34), 114 (F/31), 124 (F/40) |
| AI-MFG | 177 | 10 | 026 (F/24), 030 (M/23), 032 (F/19), 033 (F/31), 049 (F/52), 052 (F/19), 054 (M/23), 062 (F/23), 065 (F/34), 114 (F/31) |
Appendix 1—table 6
Number of electrodes in each node used in high-gamma power analysis in the verbal free recall task.
AI: anterior insula, PCC: posterior cingulate cortex, Pr: precuneus, mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex, dPPC: dorsal posterior parietal cortex, MFG: middle frontal gyrus.
| Brain regions | Number of electrodes (n) | Number of participants | Participant IDs (gender/age) |
|---|---|---|---|
| AI | 148 | 44 | 026 (F/24), 027 (M/48), 030 (M/23), 032 (F/19), 033 (F/31), 049 (F/52), 054 (M/23), 057 (M/53), 062 (F/23), 063 (M/23), 065 (F/34), 080 (F/43), 114 (F/31), 115 (M/47), 123 (F/29), 128 (M/26), 134 (M/64), 150 (F/49), 153 (M/38), 158 (F/45), 163 (M/45), 166 (M/38), 168 (M/24), 173 (F/18), 178 (M/40), 189 (M/22), 193 (M/37), 196 (M/18), 204 (F/25), 207 (F/39), 223 (F/42), 228 (F/58), 230 (F/56), 232 (M/27), 236 (F/51), 240 (F/37), 247 (F/61), 264 (F/52), 274 (F/44), 283 (F/29), 286 (F/57), 298 (F/24), 299 (M/43), 310 (M/20) |
| PCC/Pr | 143 | 47 | 006 (F/20), 010 (F/30), 015 (F/54), 018 (M/47), 023 (M/32), 030 (M/23), 034 (F/29), 039 (F/28), 044 (M/58), 049 (F/52), 051 (F/24), 054 (M/23), 057 (M/53), 062 (F/23), 070 (F/40), 074 (M/24), 076 (M/29), 077 (F/47), 081 (F/33), 084 (M/25), 094 (M/47), 101 (F/26), 105 (M/25), 106 (M/26), 114 (F/31), 115 (M/47), 134 (M/64), 135 (M/47), 138 (M/41), 153 (M/38), 155 (M/37), 158 (F/45), 162 (F/30), 168 (M/24), 175 (M/34), 186 (M/27), 193 (M/37), 196 (M/18), 203 (F/36), 204 (F/25), 236 (F/51), 240 (F/37), 268 (F/32), 275 (M/41), 286 (F/57), 297 (M/24), 299 (M/43) |
| mPFC | 312 | 55 | 018 (M/47), 022 (M/24), 026 (F/24), 027 (M/48), 034 (F/29), 036 (M/49), 039 (F/28), 049 (F/52), 051 (F/24), 053 (F/39), 056 (M/34), 057 (M/53), 059 (F/44), 060 (F/36), 062 (F/23), 070 (F/40), 074 (M/24), 075 (M/50), 077 (F/47), 081 (F/33), 084 (M/25), 098 (F/38), 106 (M/26), 114 (F/31), 115 (M/47), 121 (M/34), 123 (F/29), 129 (F/34), 130 (M/57), 131 (M/24), 142 (F/43), 151 (M/36), 153 (M/38), 155 (M/37), 156 (M/27), 163 (M/45), 167 (M/33), 168 (M/24), 175 (M/34), 187 (F/51), 189 (M/22), 193 (M/37), 196 (M/18), 200 (M/25), 202 (F/29), 203 (F/36), 204 (F/25), 222 (F/20), 223 (F/42), 228 (F/58), 247 (F/61), 274 (F/44), 275 (M/41), 299 (M/43), 304 (F/33) |
| dPPC | 537 | 89 | 001 (F/48), 003 (F/39), 006 (F/20), 010 (F/30), 015 (F/54), 018 (M/47), 020 (F/48), 023 (M/32), 030 (M/23), 032 (F/19), 033 (F/31), 035 (F/45), 036 (M/49), 039 (F/28), 042 (F/28), 044 (M/58), 049 (F/52), 050 (M/20), 053 (F/39), 054 (M/23), 056 (M/34), 057 (M/53), 059 (F/44), 062 (F/23), 065 (F/34), 066 (M/39), 067 (F/45), 068 (F/39), 069 (M/26), 070 (F/40), 074 (M/24), 075 (M/50), 077 (F/47), 080 (F/43), 084 (M/25), 089 (M/36), 094 (M/47), 101 (F/26), 102 (M/34), 105 (M/25), 106 (M/26), 111 (M/20), 114 (F/31), 115 (M/47), 120 (F/33), 121 (M/34), 125 (F/44), 128 (M/26), 130 (M/57), 134 (M/64), 135 (M/47), 138 (M/41), 147 (M/47), 151 (M/36), 153 (M/38), 156 (M/27), 158 (F/45), 161 (F/53), 162 (F/30), 163 (M/45), 164 (M/37), 168 (M/24), 171 (M/36), 173 (F/18), 174 (M/29), 175 (M/34), 176 (F/41), 177 (F/23), 184 (M/42), 186 (M/27), 189 (M/22), 193 (M/37), 195 (M/44), 196 (M/18), 203 (F/36), 204 (F/25), 232 (M/27), 234 (M/25), 236 (F/51), 240 (F/37), 247 (F/61), 251 (M/31), 260 (F/57), 268 (F/32), 275 (M/41), 286 (F/57), 292 (F/39), 297 (M/24), 299 (M/43) |
| MFG | 538 | 97 | 002 (F/49), 003 (F/39), 006 (F/20), 015 (F/54), 020 (F/48), 022 (M/24), 023 (M/32), 026 (F/24), 030 (M/23), 032 (F/19), 033 (F/31), 034 (F/29), 036 (M/49), 039 (F/28), 042 (F/28), 045 (M/51), 049 (F/52), 051 (F/24), 053 (F/39), 054 (M/23), 056 (M/34), 057 (M/53), 059 (F/44), 060 (F/36), 062 (F/23), 063 (M/23), 065 (F/34), 066 (M/39), 067 (F/45), 069 (M/26), 070 (F/40), 074 (M/24), 075 (M/50), 076 (M/29), 077 (F/47), 081 (F/33), 084 (M/25), 089 (M/36), 098 (F/38), 102 (M/34), 105 (M/25), 106 (M/26), 114 (F/31), 115 (M/47), 121 (M/34), 127 (F/40), 129 (F/34), 130 (M/57), 131 (M/24), 135 (M/47), 136 (F/16), 137 (F/21), 142 (F/43), 147 (M/47), 148 (F/59), 149 (F/28), 151 (M/36), 153 (M/38), 155 (M/37), 156 (M/27), 158 (F/45), 159 (F/42), 162 (F/30), 163 (M/45), 164 (M/37), 166 (M/38), 168 (M/24), 172 (F/22), 175 (M/34), 177 (F/23), 178 (M/40), 186 (M/27), 189 (M/22), 193 (M/37), 195 (M/44), 196 (M/18), 200 (M/25), 203 (F/36), 204 (F/25), 207 (F/39), 222 (F/20), 223 (F/42), 228 (F/58), 230 (F/56), 232 (M/27), 240 (F/37), 247 (F/61), 260 (F/57), 264 (F/52), 274 (F/44), 275 (M/41), 283 (F/29), 286 (F/57), 298 (F/24), 299 (M/43), 304 (F/33), 310 (M/20) |
Appendix 1—table 7
Number of electrodes in each node used in high-gamma power analysis in the categorized verbal free recall task.
AI: anterior insula, PCC: posterior cingulate cortex, Pr: precuneus, mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex, dPPC: dorsal posterior parietal cortex, MFG: middle frontal gyrus.
| Brain regions | Number of electrodes (n) | Number of participants | Participant IDs (gender/age) |
|---|---|---|---|
| AI | 107 | 25 | 026 (F/24), 028 (F/27), 032 (F/19), 065 (F/34), 114 (F/31), 141 (F/44), 158 (F/45), 163 (M/45), 178 (M/40), 189 (M/22), 204 (F/25), 207 (F/39), 228 (F/58), 230 (F/56), 236 (F/51), 239 (M/27), 240 (F/37), 245 (M/30), 247 (F/61), 264 (F/52), 271 (M/37), 274 (F/44), 286 (F/57), 303 (F/62), 310 (M/20) |
| PCC/Pr | 74 | 21 | 015 (F/54), 039 (F/28), 041 (M/34), 044 (M/58), 074 (M/24), 094 (M/47), 105 (M/25), 106 (M/26), 114 (F/31), 135 (M/47), 141 (F/44), 157 (M/22), 158 (F/45), 186 (M/27), 204 (F/25), 227 (M/32), 236 (F/51), 240 (F/37), 245 (M/30), 275 (M/41), 286 (F/57) |
| mPFC | 116 | 33 | 026 (F/24), 029 (F/33), 036 (M/49), 039 (F/28), 041 (M/34), 056 (M/34), 060 (F/36), 074 (M/24), 075 (M/50), 106 (M/26), 107 (M/25), 114 (F/31), 119 (F/26), 130 (M/57), 131 (M/24), 141 (F/44), 163 (M/45), 167 (M/33), 180 (F/21), 181 (M/22), 187 (F/51), 189 (M/22), 202 (F/29), 204 (F/25), 212 (M/46), 222 (F/20), 228 (F/58), 245 (M/30), 247 (F/61), 271 (M/37), 274 (F/44), 275 (M/41), 303 (F/62) |
| dPPC | 357 | 57 | 015 (F/54), 028 (F/27), 032 (F/19), 035 (F/45), 036 (M/49), 039 (F/28), 042 (F/28), 044 (M/58), 050 (M/20), 056 (M/34), 065 (F/34), 066 (M/39), 067 (F/45), 069 (M/26), 074 (M/24), 075 (M/50), 089 (M/36), 092 (M/44), 094 (M/47), 102 (M/34), 105 (M/25), 106 (M/26), 108 (F/23), 111 (M/20), 114 (F/31), 119 (F/26), 130 (M/57), 135 (M/47), 141 (F/44), 144 (M/53), 147 (M/47), 157 (M/22), 158 (F/45), 163 (M/45), 171 (M/36), 174 (M/29), 176 (F/41), 181 (M/22), 184 (M/42), 186 (M/27), 189 (M/22), 190 (F/57), 204 (F/25), 212 (M/46), 221 (M/57), 227 (M/32), 236 (F/51), 240 (F/37), 245 (M/30), 247 (F/61), 251 (M/31), 260 (F/57), 271 (M/37), 275 (M/41), 279 (F/57), 286 (F/57), 302 (M/48) |
| MFG | 375 | 58 | 015 (F/54), 021 (M/38), 026 (F/24), 029 (F/33), 032 (F/19), 036 (M/49), 039 (F/28), 041 (M/34), 042 (F/28), 045 (M/51), 056 (M/34), 060 (F/36), 065 (F/34), 066 (M/39), 067 (F/45), 069 (M/26), 074 (M/24), 075 (M/50), 089 (M/36), 092 (M/44), 093 (M/24), 102 (M/34), 105 (M/25), 106 (M/26), 107 (M/25), 108 (F/23), 114 (F/31), 119 (F/26), 130 (M/57), 131 (M/24), 135 (M/47), 141 (F/44), 147 (M/47), 157 (M/22), 158 (F/45), 163 (M/45), 178 (M/40), 181 (M/22), 186 (M/27), 189 (M/22), 204 (F/25), 207 (F/39), 212 (M/46), 221 (M/57), 222 (F/20), 228 (F/58), 230 (F/56), 240 (F/37), 245 (M/30), 247 (F/61), 260 (F/57), 264 (F/52), 271 (M/37), 274 (F/44), 275 (M/41), 286 (F/57), 303 (F/62), 310 (M/20) |
Appendix 1—table 8
Number of electrodes in each node used in high-gamma power analysis in the paired associates learning verbal cued recall task.
AI: anterior insula, PCC: posterior cingulate cortex, Pr: precuneus, mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex, dPPC: dorsal posterior parietal cortex, MFG: middle frontal gyrus.
| Brain regions | Number of electrodes (n) | Number of participants | Participant IDs (gender/age) |
|---|---|---|---|
| AI | 84 | 15 | 028 (F/27), 065 (F/34), 090 (F/52), 091 (M/28), 141 (F/44), 196 (M/18), 207 (F/39), 223 (F/42), 228 (F/58), 230 (F/56), 232 (M/27), 238 (M/27), 283 (F/29), 303 (F/62), 312 (M/21) |
| PCC/Pr | 28 | 10 | 023 (M/32), 074 (M/24), 078 (F/2), 106 (M/26), 141 (F/44), 162 (F/30), 175 (M/34), 196 (M/18), 284 (F/32), 297 (M/24) |
| mPFC | 78 | 20 | 036 (M/49), 056 (M/34), 060 (F/36), 074 (M/24), 082 (M/39), 097 (M/34), 106 (M/26), 121 (M/34), 130 (M/57), 131 (M/24), 141 (F/44), 142 (F/43), 175 (M/34), 196 (M/18), 202 (F/29), 212 (M/46), 223 (F/42), 228 (F/58), 263 (M/30), 303 (F/62) |
| dPPC | 192 | 39 | 001 (F/48), 003 (F/39), 023 (M/32), 028 (F/27), 035 (F/45), 036 (M/49), 042 (F/28), 050 (M/20), 056 (M/34), 065 (F/34), 066 (M/39), 069 (M/26), 074 (M/24), 078 (F/22), 082 (M/39), 087 (M/51), 089 (M/36), 090 (F/52), 091 (M/28), 095 (F/35), 097 (M/34), 102 (M/34), 106 (M/26), 109 (F/43), 111 (M/20), 118 (M/33), 121 (M/34), 130 (M/57), 141 (F/44), 162 (F/30), 175 (M/34), 196 (M/18), 212 (M/46), 232 (M/27), 238 (M/27), 276 (M/28), 284 (F/32), 297 (M/24), 312 (M/21) |
| MFG | 204 | 44 | 002 (F/49), 003 (F/39), 023 (M/32), 036 (M/49), 042 (F/28), 056 (M/34), 060 (F/36), 065 (F/34), 066 (M/39), 069 (M/26), 074 (M/24), 078 (F/22), 082 (M/39), 089 (M/36), 090 (F/52), 091 (M/28), 095 (F/35), 097 (M/34), 100 (F/43), 102 (M/34), 106 (M/26), 118 (M/33), 121 (M/34), 130 (M/57), 131 (M/24), 136 (F/16), 141 (F/44), 142 (F/43), 149 (F/28), 162 (F/30), 175 (M/34), 196 (M/18), 207 (F/39), 212 (M/46), 223 (F/42), 228 (F/58), 230 (F/56), 232 (M/27), 238 (M/27), 263 (M/30), 276 (M/28), 283 (F/29), 303 (F/62), 312 (M/21) |
Appendix 1—table 9
Number of electrodes in each node used in power spectral density (PSD) analysis in the water maze spatial memory task.
AI: anterior insula, PCC: posterior cingulate cortex, Pr: precuneus, mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex, dPPC: dorsal posterior parietal cortex, MFG: middle frontal gyrus.
| Brain regions | Number of electrodes (n) | Number of participants | Participant IDs (gender/age) |
|---|---|---|---|
| AI | 59 | 11 | 026 (F/24), 030 (M/23), 032 (F/19), 033 (F/31), 049 (F/52), 052 (F/19), 054 (M/23), 062 (F/23), 065 (F/34), 114 (F/31), 124 (F/40) |
| PCC/Pr | 89 | 21 | 006 (F/20), 010 (F/30), 015 (F/54), 018 (M/47), 023 (M/32), 024 (F/36), 030 (M/23), 034 (F/29), 041 (M/34), 044 (M/58), 049 (F/52), 051 (F/24), 054 (M/23), 062 (F/23), 064 (M/56), 074 (M/24), 077 (F/47), 101 (F/26), 106 (M/26), 114 (F/31), 124 (F/40) |
| mPFC | 77 | 17 | 014 (F/47), 018 (M/47), 025 (F/19), 026 (F/24), 034 (F/29), 041 (M/34), 049 (F/52), 051 (F/24), 052 (F/19), 056 (M/34), 060 (F/36), 062 (F/23), 074 (M/24), 075 (M/50), 077 (F/47), 106 (M/26), 114 (F/31) |
| dPPC | 226 | 36 | 001 (F/48), 006 (F/20), 010 (F/30), 014 (F/47), 015 (F/54), 018 (M/47), 019 (F/34), 023 (M/32), 024 (F/36), 025 (F/19), 030 (M/23), 032 (F/19), 033 (F/31), 042 (F/28), 044 (M/58), 049 (F/52), 050 (M/20), 052 (F/19), 054 (M/23), 056 (M/34), 062 (F/23), 064 (M/56), 065 (F/34), 066 (M/39), 067 (F/45), 068 (F/39), 069 (M/26), 074 (M/24), 075 (M/50), 077 (F/47), 089 (M/36), 101 (F/26), 106 (M/26), 114 (F/31), 124 (F/40), 177 (F/23) |
| MFG | 147 | 33 | 006 (F/20), 014 (F/47), 015 (F/54), 019 (F/34), 021 (M/38), 023 (M/32), 025 (F/19), 026 (F/24), 030 (M/23), 032 (F/19), 033 (F/31), 034 (F/29), 041 (M/34), 042 (F/28), 045 (M/51), 049 (F/52), 051 (F/24), 052 (F/19), 054 (M/23), 056 (M/34), 060 (F/36), 062 (F/23), 065 (F/34), 066 (M/39), 067 (F/45), 069 (M/26), 074 (M/24), 075 (M/50), 077 (F/47), 089 (M/36), 106 (M/26), 114 (F/31), 177 (F/23) |
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Electrophysiological dynamics of salience, default mode, and frontoparietal networks during episodic memory formation and recall revealed through multi-experiment iEEG replication
eLife 13:RP99018.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.99018.4
