Figures and data in Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors

Figures
Tables

5 figures and 6 tables

Figures

Figure 1

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A network diagram of mosquito vectors (circles) and their flavivirus pairs (rectangles).

The *Culex* mosquitoes (light blue) and primarily encephalitic viruses (blue) are more clustered than the *Aedes* (orange) and hemmorhagic viruses (red). Notably, West Nile Virus is vectored by both *Aedes* and *Culex* species. Predicted vectors of Zika are shown by bolded links in black. The inset shows predicted vectors of Zika and species names, ordered by the model’s propensity scores. Included flaviviruses are Banzi virus (BANV), Bouboui virus (BOUV), dengue virus strains 1, 2, 3 and 4 (DENV-1,2,3,4), Edge Hill virus (EHV), Ilheus virus (ILHV), Israel turkey meningoencephalomyelitis virus (ITV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Kedougou virus (KEDV), Kokobera virus (KOKV), Kunjin virus (KUNV), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), Rocio virus (ROCV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), Spondwendi virus (SPOV), Stratford virus (STRV), Uganda S virus (UGSV), Wesselsbron virus (WESSV), West Nile Virus (WNV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and Zika virus (ZIKV).

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22053.003

Figure 2

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Variable importance by permutation, averaged over 25 models.

Because some categorical variables were treated as binary by our model (i.e. continental range), the relative importance of each binary variable was summed to result in the overall importance of the categorical variable. Mosquito and virus traits are shown in blue and maroon, respectively. Error bars represent the standard error from 25 models.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22053.004

Figure 3

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Distribution maps of predicted vectors of Zika virus in the continental US.

Maps of *Aedes* species are based on Centers for disease control and prevention (2016). All other species’ distributions are georectified maps from Darsie and Ward (2005).

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22053.005

Appendix 1—figure 1

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Propensity values of the main and supplementary models.

Dashed lines represent corresponding threshold values for each model based on lowest ranked known vector propensities.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22053.008

Appendix 1—figure 2

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Distribution of propensity values for the main and supplementary models.

Dashed lines represent corresponding threshold values for each model based on lowest ranked known vector propensities.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22053.009

Tables

Table 1

Predicted vectors of Zika virus, as reported by our model. Mosquito species endemic to the continental United States are bolded. A species is defined as a known vector of Zika virus if a full transmission cycle (see main text) has been observed.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22053.006

Species	GBM prediction $\pm$ SD	Known vector?
*Aedes aegypti*	0.81 ± 0.12	Yes
*Ae. albopictus*	0.54 ± 0.14	Yes
*Culex quinquefasciatus*	0.38 ± 0.14	No
Ae. polynesiensis	0.36 ± 0.13	No
Ae. scutellaris	0.33 ± 0.13	No
Ae. africanus	0.32 ± 0.11	No
Ae. furcifer	0.31 ± 0.16	Yes
Ae. vittatus	0.30 ± 0.20	Yes
Ae. taylori	0.30 ± 0.16	Yes
Ae. luteocephalus	0.25 ± 0.12	Yes
Ae. tarsalis	0.18 ± 0.11	Yes
Ae. metallicus	0.16 ± 0.08	No
Ae. minutus	0.16 ±0.09	No
Ae. opok	0.14 ± 0.06	No
Ae. bromeliae	0.11 ± 0.06	No
Ae. scapularis	0.10 ± 0.04	No
*Cx. pipiens*	0.10 ± 0.04	No
Ae. hensilli	0.10 ± 0.06	Yes
Ae. vigilax	0.10 ± 0.05	No
Cx. annulirostrix	0.08 ± 0.03	No
*Psorophora ferox*	0.08 ± 0.05	No
Cx. rubinotus	0.08 ± 0.07	No
*Cx. tarsalis*	0.08 ± 0.03	No
Ae. occidentalis	0.08 ± 0.05	No
Ae. flavicolis	0.07 ± 0.04	No
Ae. serratus	0.07 ± 0.04	No
Cx. p. molestus	0.07 ± 0.04	No
*Ae. vexans*	0.06 ± 0.04	No
Cx. neavei	0.06 ± 0.02	No
Runchomyia frontosa	0.06 ± 0.04	No
Ae. neoafricanus	0.06 ± 0.03	No
Ae. chemulpoensis	0.06 ± 0.03	No
Cx. vishnui	0.05 ± 0.01	No
Cx. tritaeniorhynchus	0.05 ± 0.01	No
Ae. fowleri	0.04 ± 0.03	Yes

Appendix 1—table 1

Vector predictions by the supplementary model.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22053.007

Vector	GBM Prediction	SD
Aedes aegypti	0.84	0.06
Aedes albopictus	0.81	0.07
Aedes vittatus	0.76	0.10
Aedes africanus	0.70	0.11
Aedes taylori	0.65	0.14
Aedes furcifer	0.65	0.14
Aedes luteocephalus	0.59	0.12
Aedes metallicus	0.59	0.13
Aedes opok	0.58	0.13
Culex quinquefasciatus	0.56	0.13
Aedes tarsalis	0.56	0.12
Aedes scutellaris	0.56	0.11
Aedes minutus	0.55	0.12
Aedes polynesiensis	0.53	0.11
Mansonia uniformis	0.52	0.12
Aedes fowleri	0.48	0.14
Aedes vexans	0.46	0.11
Aedes dalzieli	0.45	0.13
Culex annulirostris	0.45	0.08
Mansonia africana	0.42	0.12
Psorophora ferox	0.39	0.14
Culex tarsalis	0.38	0.09
Culex tritaeniorhynchus	0.37	0.08
Culex pipiens	0.37	0.13
Culex neavei	0.34	0.06
Aedes vigilax	0.34	0.07
Aedes flavicollis	0.33	0.14
Aedes scapularis	0.31	0.07
Aedes taeniarostris	0.31	0.13
Aedes jamoti	0.31	0.13
Aedes circumluteolus	0.30	0.13
Eretmapodites inornatus	0.30	0.15
Aedes cumminsii	0.29	0.11
Culex vishnui	0.28	0.05
Aedes lineatopennis	0.28	0.11
Aedes neoafricanus	0.27	0.11
Aedes bromeliae	0.26	0.10
Culex guiarti	0.26	0.06
Culex perfuscus	0.26	0.06
Aedes stokesi	0.26	0.12
Culex telesilla	0.25	0.06
Anopheles gambiae	0.24	0.11
Sabethes chloropterus	0.24	0.11
Aedes hensilli	0.24	0.09
Aedes serratus	0.23	0.06
Aedes chemulpoensis	0.23	0.08
Aedes normanensis	0.23	0.06
Culex bitaeniorhynchus	0.22	0.09
Culex pseudovishnui	0.22	0.05
Aedes argenteopunctatus	0.21	0.06
Wyeomyia vanduzeei	0.21	0.15
Culex p. molestus	0.21	0.06
Culex salinarius	0.20	0.04
Aedes grahami	0.19	0.15
Anopheles coustani	0.19	0.08
Aedes longipalpis	0.18	0.18
Uranotaenia sapphirina	0.17	0.08
Aedes domesticus	0.17	0.06
Aedes abnormalis	0.17	0.06
Aedes natronius	0.17	0.06
Eretmapodites chrysogaster	0.17	0.08
Aedes mcintoshi	0.17	0.06
Aedes ochraceus	0.16	0.06
Culex fatigans	0.16	0.07
Anopheles amictus	0.16	0.06
Eretmapodites quinquevittatus	0.16	0.08

Appendix 2—table 1

Table of mosquito traits used in model.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22053.010

Trait	Type	Subcategories
Anthropophily	binary	NA
Subgenus	factor	NA
Host breadth	numeric	NA
Host range	binary (x4)	Primate, Non-Primate Mammal, Bird, Cold-Blooded Vertebrate
Geographic area	numeric	NA
Continental range	binary (x8)	Africa, Middle East, Australia, Pacific, Asia, Europe, North America, South America
Biting time	binary (x4)	Dawn, Day, Dusk, Night
Artificia container breeder	binary	NA
Oviposition site	binary (x8)	Treehole, Natural Container, Permanent Fresh Water, Rockhole, Marsh, Swamp, Temporary Ground Pools, Rice Paddy
Habitat discrimination	numeric	NA
Salinity tolerance	binary	NA
Habitat permanence	binary	NA
Urban preference	binary	NA
Endophily	binary	NA
No. of flaviviruses vectored	numeric	NA

Appendix 2—table 2

Table of virus traits used in model.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22053.011

Trait	Type	Subcategories
Group	factor	Japanese Encephalitis, Ntaya, Yellow Fever, Aroa, Dengue, Kokobera, Spondweni
Continental range	binary(x8)	Africa, Middle East, Australia, Pacific, Asia, Europe, North America, South America
Clade	factor	VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIV,
Year isolated	numeric	NA
Mutated envelope	binary	NA
Host breadth	numeric	NA
Host Range	binary(x6)	Human, Non-Human Primate, Rodent, Other Mammal, Bird, Marsupial
Mosquito vector breadth	numeric	NA
Vectored by other arthropods	binary	NA
Disease symptoms	binary (x2)	Encephalitis, Fever
Disease severity	numeric	NA
Genome length	numeric	NA

Appendix 3—table 1

Primary sources for mosquito traits.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22053.012

Mosquito species	Sources
Aedeomyia africana	Robert et al. (1998), Harbach (2015), Omondi et al. (2015)
Aedeomyia catasticta	Harbach (2015), Jansen et al. (2009), Wright et al. (1981)
Aedes abnormalis	Iwuala (1981)
Aedes aegypti	Halstead (2008), Ramasamy et al. (2011)
Aedes africanus	Haddow (1961)
Aedes albopictus	Ramasamy et al. (2011)
Aedes alternans	NSW Health (2016), Russell et al. (2013), Knight et al. (2012)
Aedes argenteopunctatus	Harbach (2015), Fontenille et al. (1998)
Aedes bancroftianus	NSW Health (2016), Russell (1986), Harbach (2015)
Aedes bromeliae	Bennett et al. (2015), Beran (1994), Digoutte (1999)
Aedes caballus	Harbach (2015), Steyn and Schulz (1955)
Aedes canadensis	Carpenter and LaCasse (1974), Andreadis et al. (2004)
Aedes cantans	Renshaw et al. (1994, 1995), Service (1993)
Aedes cantator	Giberson et al. (2007)
Aedes chemulpoensis	Feng (1983)
Aedes cinereus	Morrison and Andreadis (1992), Anderson et al. (2007), Becker and Neumann (1983), Molaei et al. (2008)
Aedes circumluteolus	Jupp and McIntosh (1987), Paterson et al. (1964), Chandler et al. (1975)
Aedes cumminsi	Lane and Crosskey (2012)
Aedes curtipes	Harbach (2015), MacDonald et al. (1965), Knight and Hull (1953)
Aedes dalzieli	Fontenille et al. (1998)
Aedes domesticus	Harbach (2015), Lane and Crosskey (2012), Geoffroy (1987)
Aedes dorsalis	Aldemir et al. (2010), Wang et al. (2012)
Aedes flavicolis	Reinert (1970)
Aedes fluviatilis	Multini et al. (2015), Baton et al. (2013), Reinert et al. (2008)
Aedes fowleri	(Boussès et al., 2013)
Aedes furcifer	Beran (1994), Hopkins (1952)
Aedes grahami	Harbach (2015)
Aedes hensilli	Ledermann et al. (2014), Bohart and Ingram (1946)
Aedes ingrami	Lane and Crosskey (2012), Haddow (1946b, 1964, 1942)
Aedes jamoti	Harbach (2015), Le Berre and Hamon (1961)
Aedes japonicus	Kaufman and Fonseca (2014), Kampen and Werner (2014)
Aedes juppi	Harbach (2015), Jupp and Kemp (1998)
Aedes koreicus	Harbach (2015), Montarsi et al. (2013), Medlock et al. (2015)
Aedes lineatopennis	Harbach (2015), Amerasinghe and Indrajith (1995), Jupp (1967), Linthicum et al. (1985)
Aedes longipalpis	Harbach (2015)
Aedes luteocephalus	Diallo et al. (2012a), Service (1965b), Boorman (1961)
Aedes mcintoshi	Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (2016), Harbach (2015)
Aedes mediolineatus	Harbach (2015)
Aedes melanimon	Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (2016), Barker et al. (2009), Chapman (1960)
Aedes metallicus	Harbach (2015), Beran (1994)
Aedes minutus	Harbach (2015), Diallo et al. (2012b)
Aedes natronius	Harbach (2015)
Aedes neoafricanus	Harbach (2015), Diallo et al. (2012b), Hervy et al. (1986)
Aedes normanensis	NSW Health (2016), Hearnden and Kay (1995)
Aedes notoscriptus	NSW Health (2016), Jansen et al. (2015), Nicholson et al. (2015), Derraik et al. (2007), Frances et al. (2002)
Aedes occidentalis	Harbach (2015), Evans (1926)
Aedes ochraceus	Corbet (1962), Lutomiah et al. (2014)
Aedes opok	Beran (1994), Herve et al. (1975), Germain et al. (1976)
Aedes polynesiensis	Young (2007)
Aedes procax	NSW Health (2016), Ryan and Kay (2000)
Aedes scapularis	Forattini et al. (1988)
Aedes scutellaris	Penn (1947)
Aedes serratus	Guimarães et al. (2000), Cardoso et al. (2010)
Aedes simulans	Harbach (2015)
Aedes sollicitans	Giberson et al. (2007), Carpenter and LaCasse (1974), Crans and Sprenger (1996), Crans et al. (1996)
Aedes stokesi	Harbach (2015), Reinert (1986)
Aedes taeniarostris	Eastwood et al. (2013)
Aedes tarsalis	Ellis et al. (2007)
Aedes taylori	Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (2016)
Aedes togoi	Tsunoda et al. (2012), Lee and Hong (1995)
Aedes tremulus	Kay et al. (2000), Webb et al. (2016)
Aedes trivittatus	Carpenter and LaCasse (1974), Andreadis et al. (2004)
Aedes vexans	Boxmeyer and Palchick (1999), Aldemir et al. (2010)
Aedes vigilax	NSW Health (2016), Chapman et al. (1999)
Aedes vittatus	Boorman (1961), Selvaraj and Dwarakanath (1992)
Anopheles amictus	Hearnden and Kay (1995)
Anopheles barbirostris	Sriwichai et al. (2016), Amerasinghe and Indrajith (1995), Bashar et al. (2012)
Anopheles coustani	Fornadel et al. (2011), Mwangangi et al. (2013), Muriu et al. (2008), Mwangangi et al. (2007)
Anopheles crucians	Grieco et al. (2006), Qualls et al. (2012)
Anopheles domicola	Diagne et al. (1994)
Anopheles funestus	Gillies et al. (1968), Githeko et al. (1996)
Anopheles gambiae	Coggeshall (1944), Gillies et al. (1968), Huho et al. (2013)
Anopheles hyrcanus	Rueda et al. (2006, 2005), Ponçon et al., 2007), Aldemir et al. (2010)
Anopheles maculipennis	Aldemir et al. (2010), Brugman et al. (2015), Gordeev et al. (2005)
Anopheles meraukensis	Cooper et al. (2006), NSW Health (2016)
Anopheles paludis	Karch and Mouchet (1992), Mouchet (1957)
Anopheles pharoensis	Gillies et al. (1968), Taye et al. (2006)
Anopheles philippinensis	Toma et al. (2002), Silver (2007), Bashar et al. (2012)
Anopheles pretoriensis	Al-Sheik (2011), Shililu et al. (2003)
Anopheles punctipennis	Carpenter and LaCasse (1974)
Anopheles quadrimaculatus	Carpenter and LaCasse (1974)
Anopheles subpictus	Sinka et al. (2011)
Anopheles tesselatus	Miyagi et al. (1983), Paramasivan et al. (2015)
Armigeres obturbans	Harbach (2015)
Coquillettidia aurites	Schwetz (1930), Njabo et al. (2009)
Coquillettidia linealis	Russell et al. (2013), Williams (2005), Webb et al. (2016)
Coquillettidia metallica	Njabo et al. (2009), Mcclelland ga et al. (1960)
Coquillettidia perturbans	Carpenter and LaCasse (1974), Anderson et al. (2007), Bosak et al. (2001), Callahan and Morris (1987)
Coquillettidia richiardii	Ventim et al. (2012), Serandour et al. (2006), Versteirt et al. (2013)
Coquillettidia venezuelensis	Guimarães et al. (2000), Degallier et al. (1978)
Culex adamesi	Sirivanakarn and Galindo (1980)
Culex annulirostris	NSW Health (2016), Hall-Mendelin et al. (2012), Williams and Kokkinn (2005)
Culex antennatus	Gad et al. (1995), Karch et al. (1993), Morsy et al. (1990), Kenawy et al. (1998)
Culex australicus	NSW Health (2016), Russell (2012)
Culex bahamensis	Lopes (1997)
Culex bitaeniorhynchus	Kulkarni and Rajput (1988), Fakoorziba and Vijayan (2008), Harbach (1988)
Culex caudelli	Alfonzo et al. (2005), Chadee and Tikasingh (1989)
Culex coronator	Yee and Skiff (2014), de Oliveria et al. (1985)
Culex crybda	de Oliveria et al. (1985)
Culex duttoni	Mwangangi et al. (2009)
Culex epidesmus	Kanojia (2003), Reisen et al. (1976)
Culex fatigans	Flordia Medical Entomology Laboratory (2016), Liu et al. (1960), Robinson (2005)
Culex fuscocephala	Ohba et al. (2015), Kulkarni and Rajput (1988), Amerasinghe and Munasingha (1994), Wang (1975)
Culex gelidus	Williams (2005), Sudeep (2014)
Culex guiarti	Logan et al. (1991)
Culex modestus	Veronesi et al. (2012), Radrova et al. (2013), Muñoz et al. (2012), Chalvet-Monfray et al. (2007), Fyodorova et al. (2006)
Culex nakuruensis	Someren (1967)
Culex neavei	Diallo et al. (2012a), Nikolay et al. (2012), Fall et al. (2013, 2011)
Culex nebulosus	Adebote et al. (2006), Okorie (1978), Davis and Philip (1931)
Culex nigripalpus	Laporta et al. (2008), Carpenter and LaCasse (1974), Flordia Medical Entomology Laboratory. (2016)
Culex p. molestus	Robinson (2005), Gomes et al. (2013)
Culex perexiguus	Muñoz et al. (2012), Ammar et al. (2012)
Culex perfuscus	Hopkins (1952), Diallo et al. (2014), Service (1993)
Culex pipiens	Harbach (1988), Anderson et al. (2007)
Culex poicilipes	Muturi et al. (2008), Yamar et al. (2005), Chevalier et al. (2004)
Culex pruina	Wanson and Lebred (1946)
Culex pseudovishnui	Fakoorziba and Vijayan (2008), Reisen et al. (1976), Amerasinghe and Indrajith (1995), Reuben et al. (1992)
Culex pullus	Johansen et al. (2009), Webb et al. (2016)
Culex quinquefasciatus	Flordia Medical Entomology Laboratory (2016), DeGroote and Sugumaran (2012)
Culex restuans	Apperson et al. (2002), Ebel et al. (2005), Kilpatrick et al. (2005), Molaei et al. (2008)
Culex rubinotus	Jupp et al. (1976)
Culex salinarius	Rochlin et al. (2008), Mackay et al. (2010), Rey et al. (2006)
Culex sitiens	NSW Health (2016), Prummongkol et al. (2012)
Culex spissipes	Takahashi (1968), Degallier et al. (1978)
Culex squamoses	NSW Health (2016), Jansen et al. (2009)
Culex taeniopus	Davies (1978), 1975), Lopes (1996)
Culex tarsalis	Reisen (1993), Rueger et al. (1964)
Culex telesilla	Njogu and Kinoti (1971)
Culex thalassius	Kerr (1932), Snow and Boreham (1978), Service (1993), Kirby et al. (2008)
Culex theileri	Aldemir et al. (2010), Muñoz et al. (2012), Simsek (2004)
Culex tritaeniorhynchus	Kanojia and Geevarghese (2004), Fakoorziba and Vijayan (2008), Flemings (1959), Amerasinghe and Munasingha (1994), Mwandawiro et al. (1999), Bhattacharyya et al. (1994), Reuben (1971)
Culex univittatus	Jupp (1967), Chandler et al. (1975), Jupp and Brown (1967)
Culex virgultus	Carpenter and LaCasse (1974)
Culex vishnui	Chen et al. (2014), Bhattacharyya et al. (1994), Ohba et al. (2015)
Culex vomerifer	Ferro et al. (2003), Natal et al. (1998), Suárez-Mutis et al. (2009), Sallum and Forattini (1996)
Culex weschei	Snow and Boreham (1973), Lane and Crosskey (2012)
Culex whitmorei	Begum et al. (1986), Reisen et al. (1976), Peiris et al. (1992)
Culex zombaensis	Lane and Crosskey (2012), Logan et al. (1991)
Culiseta alaskensis	Frohne (1953)
Culiseta impatiens	Sommerman (1964), Frohne (1953), Murdock et al. (2010), Smith (1966)
Culiseta inornata	Carpenter and LaCasse (1974), Smith (1966), Belton (1979)
Culiseta melanura	Molaei et al. (2006), Mahmood and Crans (1998), Flordia Medical Entomology Laboratory (2016), Hickman and Brown (2013)
Deinocerites pseudes	Martin et al. (1973), Peyton et al. (1964)
Eretmapodites chrysogaster	Doucet and Cachan (1961), Sylla et al. (2013), Service (1965a), Haddow (1946b)
Eretmapodites inornatus	Haddow (1946a)
Eretmapodites oedipodeios (oedipodius)	Haddow (1946a), de Cunha Ramos and Ribeiro (1990)
Eretmapodites quinquevittatus	Bohart and Ingram (1946), Jupp and Kemp (2002), Lounibos (1980)
Eretmapodites silvestris	Lounibos (1980), Hoogstraal and Knight (1951)
Ficalbia flavens	King and Hoogstraal (1946)
Haemagogus anastasionis	Van der Kuyp (1949), Bueno-MarÃ etal. (2015), Maestre-Serrano et al. (2013)
Haemagogus celeste	Bueno-MarÃ etal., 2015, Maestre-Serrano et al. (2013), Beran (1994), Chadee et al. (1985)
Haemagogus equinus	Chadee et al. (1985, 1993), Waddell and Taylor (1945)
Haemagogus janthinomys	Arnell (1973), Alencar et al. (2005), Chadee et al. (1992)
Haemagogus leucocelaenus	Alencar et al. (2008), Pinto et al. (2009)
Haemagogus spegazzinii	Arnell (1973), Galindo et al. (1951, 1950)
Mansonia africana	Karch et al. (1993), Chandler et al. (1975), Hopkins (1952)
Mansonia septempunctata	NSW Health (2016), Harbach (2015)
Mansonia titillans	Carpenter and LaCasse (1974), Viana et al. (2010), Stein et al. (2013)
Mansonia uniformis	Sabesan et al. (1991), Kumar et al. (1989), Wharton (1962)
Mimomyia hispida	Boreham et al. (1975), Harbach (2015)
Mimomyia lacustris	Harbach (2015)
Mimomyia splendens	Boreham et al. (1975), Robert et al. (1998)
Orthopodomyia signifera	Hanson et al. (1995), Burkett-Cadena (2013)
Psorophora albipes	Alfonzo et al. (2005), dos Santos Silva et al. (2012), Guimarães et al. (2000)
Psorophora columbiae	Carpenter and LaCasse (1974)
Psorophora ferox	Carpenter and LaCasse (1974), Flordia Medical Entomology Laboratory (2016), Degallier et al. (1978), Molaei et al. (2008)
Runchomyia frontosa	Cardoso et al. (2015), Heinemann et al. (1980)
Sabethes albiprivus	Gomes et al. (2010), Pedro et al. (2008)
Sabethes belisarioi	Pinto et al. (2009)
Sabethes chloropterus	Beran (1994), Pinto et al. (2009), Galindo (1958)
Sabethes soperi	Navarro et al. (2015), Harbach (2015)
Uranotaenia mashonaensis	Harbach and Schnur (2007)
Uranotaenia sapphirina	Cupp et al. (2003), Crans (2016)
Uranotaenia unguiculata	Khoshdel-Nezamiha et al. (2014), Ramsdale and Snow (2001), Sebesta et al. (2010), Bagirov et al. (1994), Kenawy et al. (1987)

Appendix 3—table 2

Primary sources for virus traits.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22053.013

Virus	Sources
Alfuy Virus	Mackenzie et al. (2012)
Bagaza virus	Mahy (2009), Llorente et al. (2015), Gamino et al. (2012)
Banzi virus	Grard et al. (2010), Karabatsos (1985)
Bouboui virus	Grard et al. (2010), Cook and Zumla (2009)
Bussuquara virus	Beran (1994)
Dengue type 1	Cook and Zumla (2009)
Dengue type 2	Cook and Zumla (2009)
Dengue type 3	Cook and Zumla (2009)
Dengue type 4	Cook and Zumla (2009)
Edge Hill virus	Mackenzie et al. (2012), Doherty et al. (1964)
Iguape Virus	Coimbra et al. (1993), Mahy (2009)
Ilheus virus	Mahy (2009), Chambers and Monath (2003), Laemmert and Hughes (1947), Aitken and Anderson (1959)
Israel turkey meningoencephalomyelitis virus	Mahy (2009), Nir (1972)
Japanese encephalitis virus	Mahy (2009), Burke and Leake (1988), Gresser et al. (1958)
Jugra virus	None
Kedougou virus	Cook and Zumla (2009), Diagne et al. (2015a)
Kokobera virus	Cook and Zumla (2009), Lequime and Lambrechts (2014)
Koutango virus	Chambers and Monath (2003), Cook and Zumla (2009)
Kunjin virus	Mahy (2009), Mackenzie et al. (2012)
Murray Valley encephalitis virus	Cook and Zumla (2009), Mackenzie et al. (2012)
Naranjal virus	Mahy (2009)
New Mapoon virus	Nisbet et al. (2005), Mahy (2009)
Ntaya virus	Mahy (2009)
Rocio virus	Mahy (2009), Cook and Zumla (2009)
Saboya virus	Mahy (2009), Traoré-Lamizana et al. (2001)
Sepik virus	Mackenzie et al. (2012), Cook and Zumla (2009)
Spondweni virus	Chambers and Monath (2003), Cook and Zumla (2009)
St. Louis encephalitis virus	Mackenzie et al. (2012), Cook and Zumla (2009)
Stratford virus	Mackenzie et al. (2012)
Tembusu virus	Mahy (2009), Tang et al. (2015)
Uganda S virus	Mahy (2009)
Usutu virus	Mahy (2009), Chambers and Monath (2003), Cook and Zumla (2009)
Wesselbron	Mahy (2009), Chambers and Monath (2003), Cook and Zumla (2009)
West Nile virus	Mackenzie et al. (2012), Cook and Zumla (2009a), Mores et al. (2007), Turell et al. (2001)
Yaounde virus	Mackenzie et al. (2012)
Yellow fever virus	Mahy (2009)
Zika virus	Chambers and Monath (2003), Cook and Zumla (2009)