1. Computational and Systems Biology
  2. Medicine

Meta-Research: Individual-level researcher data confirm the widening gender gap in publishing rates during COVID-19

  1. Emil Bargmann Madsen
  2. Mathias Wullum Nielsen
  3. Josefine Bjørnholm
  4. Reshma Jagsi
  5. Jens Peter Andersen  Is a corresponding author
  1. Aarhus University, Denmark
  2. University of Copenhagen, Denmark
  3. University of Michigan, United States
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.76559
Share this article
Cite this article
  1. Emil Bargmann Madsen
  2. Mathias Wullum Nielsen
  3. Josefine Bjørnholm
  4. Reshma Jagsi
  5. Jens Peter Andersen
(2022)
Meta-Research: Individual-level researcher data confirm the widening gender gap in publishing rates during COVID-19
eLife 11:e76559.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.76559
  2. Download BibTeX
  3. Download .RIS

Abstract

Publishing is part and parcel of a successful academic career, and Covid-19 has amplified gender disparities in manuscript submissions and authorships. We used longitudinal publication data on 431,207 scientists in biology, chemistry, and clinical and basic medicine to quantify the differential impact of Covid-19 on women's and men's annual publishing rates. In a difference-in-differences analysis, we estimated that the average gender difference in publication productivity increased from -0.26 in 2019 (corresponding to a 17% lower output for women than men) to -0.35 in 2020 (corresponding to a 24% lower output for women than men). An age-group comparison showed a widening gender gap for both early career and mid-career scientists. The increasing gender gap was most pronounced among highly productive authors and scientists in clinical medicine and biology. Our study demonstrates the importance of reinforcing institutional commitments to diversity through policies that support the inclusion and retention of women researchers.

Data availability

The current manuscript is a computational study, so no data have been generated for this manuscript. Source data and code will be provided on git-hub for all tables and figures.

Article and author information

Author details

  1. Emil Bargmann Madsen

    Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0003-4394-5373

  2. Mathias Wullum Nielsen

    Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0001-8759-7150

  3. Josefine Bjørnholm

    Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.

  4. Reshma Jagsi

    Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
    Competing interests
    Reshma Jagsi, stock options as compensation for advisory board role at Equity Quotient, a company that evaluates culture in health care companies; has received personal fees from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as a special government employee (in her role as a member of the Advisory Committee for Research on Women's Health), the Greenwall Foundation, and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; has received grants for unrelated work from the NIH, the Doris Duke Foundation, the Greenwall Foundation, the Komen Foundation, and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan for the Michigan Radiation Oncology Quality Consortium; has held a contract to conduct an unrelated investigator-initiated study with Genentech; has served as an expert witness for Sherinian and Hasso, Dressman Benzinger LaVelle, and Kleinbard LLC..
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0001-6562-1228

  5. Jens Peter Andersen

    Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
    For correspondence
    jpa@ps.au.dk
    Competing interests
    No competing interests declared.
    ORCID icon "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0003-2444-6210

Funding

Samfund og Erhverv, Det Frie Forskningsråd (DFF-0133-00165B)

  • Emil Bargmann Madsen
  • Mathias Wullum Nielsen
  • Josefine Bjørnholm
  • Jens Peter Andersen

Aarhus Universitets Forskningsfond (AUFF-F-2018-7-5)

  • Jens Peter Andersen

Independent Research Fund Denmark (9130-00029B)

  • Mathias Wullum Nielsen

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.

Copyright

© 2022, Madsen et al.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License permitting unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

Metrics

  • 3,064
    views
  • 274
    downloads
  • 40
    citations

Views, downloads and citations are aggregated across all versions of this paper published by eLife.

Download links

A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats.

Downloads (link to download the article as PDF)

Open citations (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services)

Cite this article (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools)

  1. Emil Bargmann Madsen
  2. Mathias Wullum Nielsen
  3. Josefine Bjørnholm
  4. Reshma Jagsi
  5. Jens Peter Andersen
(2022)
Meta-Research: Individual-level researcher data confirm the widening gender gap in publishing rates during COVID-19
eLife 11:e76559.
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.76559

Categories and tags

    1. Part of Collection
    Meta-research

    Meta-Research: A Collection of Articles

    Edited by Peter A Rodgers
  2. Further reading

Further reading

  1. Meta-Research: A Collection of Articles

    Edited by Peter A Rodgers
    Collection

    The study of science itself is a growing field of research.

  2. Executable Research Articles

    Edited by Fred Atherden
    Collection

    eLife’s Executable Research Article lets authors include live code, data and interactive figures in their published paper.

    1. Computational and Systems Biology

    Redox regulation and dynamic control of brain-selective kinases BRSK1/2 in the AMPK family through cysteine-based mechanisms

    George N Bendzunas, Dominic P Byrne ... Natarajan Kannan
    Research Article

    In eukaryotes, protein kinase signaling is regulated by a diverse array of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation of Ser/Thr residues and oxidation of cysteine (Cys) residues. While regulation by activation segment phosphorylation of Ser/Thr residues is well understood, relatively little is known about how oxidation of cysteine residues modulate catalysis. In this study, we investigate redox regulation of the AMPK-related brain-selective kinases (BRSK) 1 and 2, and detail how broad catalytic activity is directly regulated through reversible oxidation and reduction of evolutionarily conserved Cys residues within the catalytic domain. We show that redox-dependent control of BRSKs is a dynamic and multilayered process involving oxidative modifications of several Cys residues, including the formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds involving a pair of Cys residues near the catalytic HRD motif and a highly conserved T-loop Cys with a BRSK-specific Cys within an unusual CPE motif at the end of the activation segment. Consistently, mutation of the CPE-Cys increases catalytic activity in vitro and drives phosphorylation of the BRSK substrate Tau in cells. Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that oxidation of the CPE-Cys destabilizes a conserved salt bridge network critical for allosteric activation. The occurrence of spatially proximal Cys amino acids in diverse Ser/Thr protein kinase families suggests that disulfide-mediated control of catalytic activity may be a prevalent mechanism for regulation within the broader AMPK family.