The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the health care system worldwide and has spread to more than 200 countries, causing hundreds of millions confirmed cases and several million deaths (Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center, 2021).

Data from multiple studies have shown consistently that older age and comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been associated with severe illness and increased mortality (Zhou et al., 2020).

Several studies on COVID-19 mortality suggested that patients with cancer had poor outcomes (Kuderer et al., 2020; Rivera et al., 2020; He et al., 2020; Albiges et al., 2020; Robilotti et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2020; Mehta et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020; Lunski et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2020). Many of these studies included only patients with cancer and did not have a comparator group of patients without cancer (Kuderer et al., 2020; Rivera et al., 2020; He et al., 2020; Albiges et al., 2020; Robilotti et al., 2020). Other studies compared COVID-19 mortality between patients with and without cancer and found that patients with cancer had worse outcomes (Mehta et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020; Lunski et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2020; Rüthrich et al., 2021). However, all of these comparative studies included a relatively small number of patients with cancer and were restricted to a particular country, which limits their generalizability to patients with cancer worldwide.

Given that many of the therapeutic studies on COVID-19 were conducted in patients without cancer and given the poor outcomes of COVID-19 reported in patients with cancer (Mehta et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020; Lunski et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2020; Rüthrich et al., 2021; Beigel et al., 2020; Salazar et al., 2021; Libster et al., 2021; Janiaud et al., 2021; Horby et al., 2021), we aimed to conduct a large multicenter study to compare the impact of these various treatments on the outcome in patients with cancer vs patients without cancer.

Therefore, given the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the worldwide prevalence of cancer, we undertook this international initiative that included 16 centers from five continents to study and compare the clinical course, risk factors, and treatment modalities impact on outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with cancer vs patients without cancer on a worldwide basis.

A total of 4015patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by PCR were included in the study. After excluding 18 patients who had missing demographics and 31 patients younger than 18y, we evaluated 3966 COVID-19 patients: 2851 without cancer and 1115 with cancer (see Figure 1 for a consort flow diagram of patient attrition in analyses).

Figure 1

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Unlike the previously published studies that compared patients with COVID-19 with and without cancer, our study included a large number of patients with cancer from five different continents. Our findings demonstrate that cancer is not an independent risk factor for increased 30 day all-cause mortality in a multivariable logistic regression analyses that accounted for the treatment differences among the countries, which is inconsistent with a recent large study in the US that showed that patients recently receiving cancer treatment had a worse outcome (Chavez-MacGregor et al., 2022). The higher mortality rate observed in patients with cancer by univariable analysis seems to be driven by patients with lung cancer and patients with hematological malignancies, a finding that is consistent with prior literature (Lee et al., 2020; Mehta et al., 2020). Furthermore, lymphopenia which is observed frequently in patients with hematological malignancy was independently associated with higher COVID-19 mortality according to our country-adjusted multivariable analyses. Two large studies in COVID-19 patients with cancer have shown that lymphopenia was independently associated with increased 30 day mortality (Lunski et al., 2021; Schmidt et al., 2022). In addition, the mortality rate in the patients with solid tumors other than lung cancer was not different from the mortality rate in the patients without cancer.

Most of the other independent risk factors that we identified for 30 day mortality after a diagnosis of COVID-19 have also been commonly reported as risk factors for mortality in previous studies of COVID-19 in patients with and without cancer with older age (≥65y) being the strongest independent predictor of 30 day mortality in our study (Zhou et al., 2020; Kuderer et al., 2020; Rivera et al., 2020; He et al., 2020; Albiges et al., 2020; Robilotti et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2020; Mehta et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020; Lunski et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2020; Rüthrich et al., 2021). In our study, the patients with cancer had a more complicated course after discharge from the hospital; specifically, they more frequently required supplemental oxygen and readmission within 30 days after COVID-19 diagnosis.

The presentation pattern of COVID-19 in patients with cancer was different to that of patients without cancer. Patients with cancer seemed to be less symptomatic. This could be related to the fact that patients with cancer tended to be older, with fewer inflammatory cells (neutrophils and lymphocytes), and more often on corticosteroids. Levels of inflammatory biomarkers were also higher in patients with cancer, particularly D-dimer, ferritin, and procalcitonin.

On multivariable analysis, the only therapeutic agent that independently decreased 30 day all-cause mortality among all patients and in patients with cancer was remdesivir, even after accounting for treatment diffrences among countries. Upon further analysis, remdesivir was found to further decrease mortality in patients with pneumonia and mild hypoxia who were receiving low-flow oxygen (≤6l/min) and not in patients with severe advanced pneumonia who were receiving high-flow oxygen and/or ventilatory support. This is consistent with a large multicenter prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial - Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial-1 (ACTT-1), that found that remdesivir significantly reduced the time to recovery and 28d mortality in patients who were on low-flow oxygen at baseline but not in patients who were on mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at baseline (Beigel et al., 2020).

In a meta-analysis that examined four large prospective randomized trials, remdesivir was shown to be associated with reduced 14 d mortality and reduced need for mechanical ventilation (Shrestha et al., 2021), which also supports our analysis.

In contrast, the WHO-sponsored multinational Solidarity Trial of COVID-19 hospitalized patients who were randomly assigned to either remdesivir (2750patients) or standard of care (2708patients) showed no difference in overall 28d mortality (Pan et al., 2021). However, in two large meta-analyses that each examined more than 13,000 COVID-19 patients from randomized and non-randomized studies, including the WHO randomized trial, remdesivir was associated with a significant improvement in the 28d recovery rate (Rezagholizadeh et al., 2021; Lai et al., 2021). Furthermore, in a large study evaluating treatments and outcomes of COVID-19 among patients with cancer, remdesivir alone was significantly associated with a lower 30 day all-cause mortality rate than other treatments (including high-dose corticosteroids and tocilizumab; Rivera et al., 2020). In addition, in a large multicenter matched controlled study involving mostly patients without cancer, Mozaffari et al. demonstrated that remdesivir was significantly effective in reducing mortality in patients on low-flow oxygen but not patients with advanced disease on high-flow oxygen and ventilator support (Mozaffari et al., 2022). More recently, a prospective randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study (involving mainly patients without cancer) showed that early initiation of remdesivir prevents progression to severe COVID-19 (Gottlieb et al., 2022).

Therefore, the cumulative data in the literature do support our findings that remdesivir in all patients particularly in patients with cancer improves outcome and may reduce mortality especially if started early in COVID-19 patients with moderate pneumonia who are receiving low-flow oxygen who fit into the stage II of the three-stage COVID-19 classification previously proposed by Siddiqi and Mehra, 2020.

The use of corticosteroids (dexamethasone 6mg/d) was shown in a large randomized open-label study conducted in the United Kingdom to be associated with reduced 28d mortality, particularly in patients requiring oxygen supplementation and invasive ventilation who receive corticosteroids after 7d from the onset of symptoms (Horby et al., 2021). Subsequently, two meta-analyses of several prospective randomized trials demonstrated that corticosteroid use was significantly associated with a decrease in COVID-19 mortality (Sterne et al., 2020; Siemieniuk et al., 2020). In our study, we found that if corticosteroids were started more than 5d after the PCR diagnosis of COVID-19, there was a trend toward a reduction in 30 day COVID-19 mortality compared to starting corticosteroids earlier. 5 d after diagnosis by PCR testing would possibly be equivalent to 7d after the onset of symptoms since the average time from symptom onset to PCR diagnosis has been estimated to be 2–3d (Kucirka et al., 2020). Furthermore, by multivariable analysis and upon further subanalysis (Supplementary file 1), remdesivir was found to improve outcome independently of the effect of steroids.

Our study has several limitations. First, the retrospective design precluded complete assessment of disease progression in the outpatients, which limited their input into the general study. Second, some non-cancer centers contributed data only on their hospitalized patients who were likely sicker. This may have biased the data toward a higher rate of hospitalization among patients without cancer and made the data more heterogeneous. In addition, the predominance of symptomatic patients (87%) might also limit our evaluation of the impact of cancer in the whole picture of the disease. Third, our data contained a lot of missing values due to the nature of data collection. However, we performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate its impact on our primary analyses, and it showed that overall this impact was limited. Most independent predictors were identified by both complete-case and multiple imputation analyses with similar effects. The differences between the two analysis methods in identifying a few independent mortality predictors were probably due to the sample size changes from complete-case analyses to multiple imputation analyses. Last, this study was conducted prior to the introduction of COVID vaccines and included patients who were not vaccinated and who were infected by early variants which limits the generalizability of our results to contemporary COVID-19 patients. A multinational European registry showed that severity of COVID-19 and mortality in cancer patients have improved since 2020. This could be multifactorial related to earlier diagnosis, improved management including current antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, vaccination, as well as different circulating variants of the virus that could be associated with less severe disease than the earlier strains (Pinato et al., 2022). However, a recent study comparing vaccinated and unvaccinated patients with cancer showed that despite the protective role of vaccination, vulnerable patients with cancer, particularly those with risk factors such as lymphopenia, active and progressing cancer, and advanced age, can develop severe and fatal breakthrough infections (Schmidt et al., 2022).

In conclusion, this is the largest multicenter worldwide study comparing COVID-19 in patients with cancer to those without. In this study, although the limited effect size, underlying malignancy was not found to be an independent risk factor for a higher 30 day all-cause COVID-19 mortality. However, lymphopenia and anemia were frequently observed in patients with hematological malignancies, and patients with lung cancer were associated with the highest risks for poor outcome. Finally, remdesivir stood out as the only therapeutic agent independently associated with decreased 30 day mortality, particularly in patients with cancer on low-flow oxygen. Corticosteroids tended to be most useful if given more than 5d after COVID-19 diagnosis. The role of these therapeutics and their timing of administration should be verified in larger studies, especially in patients with cancer, who tend to have a higher degree of immunosuppression, which may lead to prolongation of the viral phase.

We are unable to share the data given our restriction policy and the fact that this study includes data from 16 centers and from the five continents. We do not have an agreement or the permission to share our data and other centers’ data. All the analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC).

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Author details

1. Issam I Raad

   Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

   Contribution

   Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Software, Formal analysis, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Project administration, Writing – review and editing

   Contributed equally with

   Ray Hachem and Anne-Marie Chaftari

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

2. Ray Hachem

   Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

   Contribution

   Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Software, Formal analysis, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Project administration, Writing – review and editing

   Contributed equally with

   Issam I Raad and Anne-Marie Chaftari

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

3. Nigo Masayuki

   Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, United States

   Contribution

   Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Software, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Project administration, Writing – review and editing

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

4. Tarcila Datoguia

   Médica Hematologista Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil

   Contribution

   Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Formal analysis, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review and editing

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

5. Hiba Dagher

   Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

   Contribution

   Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Formal analysis, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review and editing

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

   "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0002-8483-6977

6. Ying Jiang

   Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

   Contribution

   Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Formal analysis, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review and editing

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

7. Vivek Subbiah

   1. MD Anderson Cancer Network, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
   2. Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

   Contribution

   Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review and editing

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

8. Bilal Siddiqui

   Department of Hematology Oncology, Community Health Network, Indianapolis, United States

   Contribution

   Conceptualization, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review and editing

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

9. Arnaud Bayle

   Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France

   Contribution

   Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – review and editing

   Competing interests

   No competing interests declared

10. Robert Somer

    Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Writing – review and editing

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

11. Ana Fernández Cruz

    Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

12. Edward Gorak

    Department of Hematology Oncology, Baptist Health, Jacksonville, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

13. Arvinder Bhinder

    Department of Hematology/Oncology, Ohio Health Marion, Marion, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Software, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

14. Nobuyoshi Mori

    Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Software, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

    "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0001-8815-5135

15. Nelson Hamerschlak

    Médica Hematologista Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Software, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

16. Samuel Shelanski

    Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center – North Colorado, Greely, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Software, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

17. Tomislav Dragovich

    Division of Cancer Medicine, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

18. Yee Elise Vong Kiat

    Department of Medical Oncology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

    "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0002-8870-1391

19. Suha Fakhreddine

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Rafik Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

20. Abi Hanna Pierre

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Rafik Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

21. Roy F Chemaly

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

22. Victor Mulanovich

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

23. Javier Adachi

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

24. Jovan Borjan

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

25. Fareed Khawaja

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

26. Bruno Granwehr

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

27. Teny John

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

28. Eduardo Yepez Yepez

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

29. Harrys A Torres

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

30. Natraj Reddy Ammakkanavar

    Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Resources, Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

31. Marcel Yibirin

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Validation, Investigation

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

32. Cielito C Reyes-Gibby

    Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

    "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0003-4500-6476

33. Mala Pande

    Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Resources, Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

34. Noman Ali

    Department of Hospital Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Resources, Data curation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

35. Raniv Dawey Rojo

    Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Data curation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

36. Shahnoor M Ali

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

37. Rita E Deeba

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

38. Patrick Chaftari

    Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

39. Takahiro Matsuo

    Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

    Contribution

    Resources, Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

40. Kazuhiro Ishikawa

    Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

    Contribution

    Resources, Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

41. Ryo Hasegawa

    Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

    Contribution

    Resources, Data curation, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

42. Ramón Aguado-Noya

    Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

43. Alvaro Garcia García

    Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Software, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

44. Cristina Traseira Puchol

    Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

45. Dong Gun Lee

    Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Vaccine Bio Research Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Software, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

46. Monica Slavin

    Department of Infectious Diseases and National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

47. Benjamin Teh

    Department of Infectious Diseases and National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Formal analysis, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

48. Cesar A Arias

    Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

49. Data-Driven Determinants for COVID-19 Oncology Discovery Effort (D3CODE) Team

    Data-Driven Determinants for COVID-19 Oncology Discovery Effort (D3CODE) Team at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

50. Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Resources, Data curation, Investigation

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

51. Alexandre E Malek

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Resources, Data curation, Formal analysis, Supervision, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing – review and editing

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

52. Anne-Marie Chaftari

    Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States

    Contribution

    Conceptualization, Data curation, Software, Formal analysis, Supervision, Funding acquisition, Validation, Investigation, Visualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Project administration, Writing – review and editing

    Contributed equally with

    Issam I Raad and Ray Hachem

    For correspondence

    achaftari@mdanderson.org

    Competing interests

    No competing interests declared

    "This ORCID iD identifies the author of this article:" 0000-0001-8097-8452

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